Returns from Information Technology Investments free essay sample

How complementary social, managerial, and organizational assets help optimize returns from information technology investments? The research (Management Information System by Kenneth C Laudon and Jane P. Laudon, 12th Edition) has shown that information technology does not by itself guarantee good returns because company’s social, managerial, and organizational assets play important role on helping the company to optimize returns from information technology investments. The followings are some of main aspects that company’s social, managerial, and organizational assets help the company to optimize returns from information technology investments: First, favorable organizational assets are supportive business culture that value efficiency and effectiveness, appropriate business model. Efficient business process, decentralized of authority, highly distributed rights, and strong information system development team. Organizational assets are so critical to information sharing across enterprise. In favorable organizational environment, each part of organization contributes their part of operation chain and then information is ready available to down-stream operation or up-stream operation. We will write a custom essay sample on Returns from Information Technology Investments or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A well implemented and used supply chain system is a good example. Second, important managerial complementary assets are strong senior management support for changes, incentive systems that monitor ad reward individual innovation and emphasis on teamwork and collaboration, training programs, and a management cultural that value flexibility and knowledge. Managerial asset are key success factors for company to introduce and then effectively utilize information technology. Let’s take ERP (enterprise resource planning) systems (such as SAP and PeopleSoft), if we have a strong senior management that supports for changes, we would have better outcome on introducing new technologies especially enterprise system. Third, social assets such as the internet and telecommunications infrastructure, IT-enriched educational programs raising labor force computer literacy, and standards (both government and private sector) provides the crucial foundation for information investments. For example, without internet telecommunication infrastructure, it is impossible for company to implement and effectively use their supply chain system across globe.

allignment of academic standards with ELL proficiency standards essay Essay Example

allignment of academic standards with ELL proficiency standards essay Essay Example allignment of academic standards with ELL proficiency standards essay Essay allignment of academic standards with ELL proficiency standards essay Essay Essay Topic: Academic Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards Assignment The Arizona or TESOL English learner standards use a guide for differentiating instruction for various levels of ELLS by the teachers making the lessons have a content objective meaning on what the teacher wants all their students to learn in the classrooms. Also, each lesson needs to have a language objective as well which means that are specifically for each individual ELL student and base it in their TESOL standards in the classroom. An example, is for the teacher to try to use both the content objective ike making the ELL students write down important facts about learning the English language and the language objective that need to be used by the ELL students will correctly use words or verbs to describe their feelings on the reason why these facts are so important to them. When teachers are making their lessons whether it be for the ELL students on level one which are known as beginners or on level five which are known as advanced students in the English language skills it should always provide precise visual support and guided reading until students master the grade-level aterials or instructions (Zehr, M. 2010). Teachers should do a little bit of research while preparing their lessons of the ELLS for the language levels that pertain to the content of the students language being taught, give the ELL students the opportunity to interact with the English speakers in the classroom, teachers should target corrections where the students have specific errors, and teachers should be using appropriate level language aspects of the ELL students when assigning assessments, classwork, tests, homework, etc. Teachers in the field of educating ELLS of different English proficiency levels because all students do not learn at the same pace or same time (Zehr, 2010). By the teachers having some type of assistance when planning the lessons or activities that will positively support appropriate content for the ELL students benefits their levels will increase to a successful education with the English language. The data from a various different sources relating to each of the learners progress in the classroom should be used as a tool that will drive the standards-based instruction by using the information to aim for the different learners and use the ifferent styles that the ELL students need to make sure they learn as much knowledge as they can in a high level classroom environment. Teachers have to have differentiated standards when it comes to their students and their teaching abilities like to ensure that it is going to be successful as long as they have reliable and understanding different sources in the classroom, having ideas that make sure the ELL students understand what they are being taught by the teacher, and the teacher making sure their ELL students are not going to be confused on the different teaching ethods of the assignments that need to be learned and gone over for the students benefit needs in the classroom (Sephton, C. 013). Teachers need to use different learning skills or teaching styles for their ELL students to meet and become successful in learning the English language correctly. Standards are made to make student. Also, so that complications do not happen and it makes room for more clear understanding for teaching the ELL students in the classrooms on a daily basis. The varieties of all differentiated standards available to the teachers in a lassroom provide the focus on all high expectations and the motivation that are needed to tailor instruction so that it meets all the needs of all the individual learners by help with differentiated instruction and a dedicated teacher, so that the standards and proficiency standards all will eventually line up more clearly for the ELL students benefits with their education process in the classrooms. ELLs have the more pressure of adding difficulty of trying to master a whole new language in the classroom but with from a dedicated teacher and team the individual student will ain the knowledge from the instruction or materials being used correctly to get the ELL students to have high expectations to want to learn more and motivate them to come to schools classroom to learn the English language daily. The varieties of standards provided to educators are extremely diverse to maximize the potential of students as well as educators and the standards do exemplify high expectations of ELL students and on teachers, specifically as it relates to how to ensure students master the objection (Sunderman, G. 2008). These standards will become to help rain the teachers to stay focus on the goal at hand and it will also motivate the ELL students to head for success as well. All students learn differently so when teachers plan a differentiated lesson plan they need to keep in mind to allow the ELL students an positive ideal learning structure, the more flexible ease of learning centered on the students level, as well as assignments that provide scaffolding from the teacher for comprehensive learning for the ELL student (Sunderman, 2008). Teachers can have the standards as a challenging task for the ELL students to accomplish their ell-rounded education that has a high goal level for differentiated instruction and motivation for the ELL students needs throughout the school year. Reference Arizona Department of Education. (2003). Reading standards articulated by grade level Kindergarten. Retrieved December 7, 2013 from ade. state. az. us/standards/language-arts/bygradelevel/RdgGrK. pdf Sephton, C. (2013). ELL standards of learning instruction, ELL Education Learners. 3(4), 7-15. Zehr, M. A. (2010). Guide tells how to differentiate instruction for ELLS, Learning the Language. Editorial Projects in Education. 6(9), 3-5.

Idioms and Expressions in Context

Idioms and Expressions in Context Its important to learn and use idioms and expressions in context. Of course, idioms are not always easy to understand. There are idiom and expression resources that can help with definitions, but reading them in short stories can also provide context that makes them come more alive. Try reading the story one time to understand the gist without using the idiom definitions. On your second reading, use the definitions to help you understand the text while learning new idioms. After you understand the story, take the quiz at the end of each reading to test your knowledge. Teachers can print out these short stories and use in class in combination with teaching ideas provided at the end of this resource list. Idioms and Expressions in Context Stories Johns Keys to SuccessA story about a man was an accomplished businessman and happily gives advice to young people he mentors. Odd Man OutA story about a man who gossiped a little too much at parties making him the odd man out anytime he joined the fun. Young and FreeA short story about what it takes to be successful in a small company. Its good preparation for young adult English learners who are college age. My Successful FriendHere is a story about a mans friend who has had a very successful career. The Road to SuccessHere is a short essay on how to succeed in todays difficult economic environment. It makes good reading for business English classes. For Teachers Use these idioms in context stories with your advanced-level classes to provide context for learning common idioms in English. Each short story of two to three paragraphs provides approximately 15 idioms. These idioms are then defined following the story followed by a short quiz testing a number of idioms from the selection. Following this introduction to the idioms in context, you can practice use of the idioms in a number of ways. Here are a few ideas: Ask students to write their own short stories using the idioms in context.Have students write dialogues using the idioms to act out in class.Group students together to create their own gap fill quizzes for other groups.Write up questions using the idioms presented and discuss as a class or in groups.Make up situations that fit each idiom on-the-fly and ask students to choose the idiom that fits best. Learning Idioms in Context   You might wonder how you can recognize an idiom when you are reading a book, online or perhaps watching TV. Here are a few tips on how you can spot an idiom: Idioms dont actually mean what they say. Thats right, the actual meaning of the words dont necessarily indicate the meaning of the idiom. Lets take a look at a few: Remember my son, the early bird catches the worm.   This idiom means that its important to get up and get to work in order to succeed in life. Of course, early birds probably catch worms as well! However, the meaning has nothing to little to do with the words.   Idioms can seem out of context. You can be sure youve spotted an idiom if you notice that the words have little to do with the context. For example, lets imagine that youre in a business meeting. Someone says: Well, itll be smooth sailing after this quarter. If youre in a business meeting, you dont expect to be talking about sailing on the open sea. This is an example of something out of context. It doesnt fit in. Thats a sure sign that it might be an idiom.   Idioms are often phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs can be literal or figurative. Literal means that the words mean exactly what they say. For example: I picked up the bag. In this case. pick up is literal. Phrasal verbs, can also be figurative pick up also means to learn: She picked up some Spanish in Madrid.   Idioms are often figurative phrasal verbs as well. Use these queues and youll start recognizing idioms in context everywhere you look and listen.

Theories of knowledge and The Matrix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories of knowledge and The Matrix - Essay Example For example, with the power of vision a person can perceive height and width of three dimensional objects with ease but would have trouble knowing the depth (Thornton, 1987). The classic case of a mountain can be presented to clarify this idea because it is easy to see the height of the mountain and know how wide it is by sight alone but to realize that the mountain also has a certain depth and also extends deep into the ground has to come from the inferences made by the mind. This is in fact the central proposition made by Berkeley that people can never know what an object really is or they can never understand reality through their senses. The objects around us and the reality we see is only a perception which depends on our senses. Therefore, all we know about objects are our perceptions of those objects. Of course we can also imagine about things which never existed or imagine certain situations which can not exist given the physical laws of the universe (Thornton, 1987). However, such imaginations are weak perceptions and have little bearing on the real world. On the other hand, real objects and things continue to remain present in our ideas even if we do not see them as their perception is strong. The false reality is not false for the human inhabitants of The Matrix since it is the only reality they know. The information gathering which they do to function in their world comes from the same sources which provide information to other characters within the matrix, i.e. Neo, Morpheus or Trinity. The only difference is that the human inhabitants are getting signals sent to their brain from a supercomputer which is controlling how their reality functions. On the other hand, the characters which are free from the Matrix are using their natural abilities to experience the real world. Morpheus explains this quite clearly when he defines the reality of the Matrix by questioning what Neo considers to be real. Morpheus says, â€Å"What is "real"? How do you define

Case analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Case analysis - Coursework Example This indicated the desire to serve customer in the best quality service (Mennen 2006). As of 2001, the company had started to realize some profits when its sales exceeded 3.12bn. In 2002, the company made a modest profit of 64 million dollars. In 2003, the company made profits of 814million dollars. This thus indicates that eventually the harvest did come. In 2003, the business vision of the company changed to a place where people could buy anything (Stockport 2004). According to Bezos, e-commerce was the way of the future. This was an accurate estimation as the internet has dominated everyday life. It is a cheaper and efficient means of communicating as well as a trading hub. According to the numbers, the concept of being all things to all people is quite an impressive and profitable business vision. This is because it allows the company to diversify, thus having some forma of safety nets. Some products may not make profits, thus are kept afloat by those that are popular. The concept also means that the company is flexible and a one-stop-shop. According to the vision of the founder, the driving factors of the business are technology, technology, technology (Stockport 2004). This means that the company will focus on technology as its real estate. The company has a lot of potential terms of its capabilities of achieving. At the moment, Amazon.com has only but a while to become the dominant player in the online market. The company has ensured that this will be a reality through some of the features that it has put in place. These features will see to it that the payments are secure, a simple method of ordering as well as a fast delivery system. With this, this company is in the right path to being the Wal-Mart of the

Working Capital Management Essay Example for Free

Working Capital Management Essay 1.1 Background of the Study Finance is a business term which deals with the study of fund management. If finance is to be accepted as weapon which enables an organization to pay its bills promptly it is necessarily linked with the flow of fund. The management may accept or reject a business provision on the basic of financial viabilities .It guides investment where opportunity is the greatest producing relatively uniform yard stick for judging most of a firms operations and projects and is continually concerned with achieving and adequate rate of return on investment as this is necessary for survival and the attracting of new capital. The function of finance involves three major decisions which the firm must make the investment decision, financing decision and dividend decision. An optimum combination of the three will maximize the value of the firm. In other word entire activities relating the finance are done with the help of financial management. So in this area of management there are two main functions firstly to assemble the funds necessary to initiate a new business economically and secondly to provide the basis of continue new operation. â€Å"Financial management may be defined as the part of management which is concerned mainly with raising funds in the most economic and suitable manner, using, these funds as profitable as possible, planning future operation, and controlling current performance and future developments through financial accounting cost accounting, budgeting, statistics, and other means. It guides investment where opportunity is the greatest producing relatively uniform yard stick for judging most of a firms operations and projects and is continually concerned with achieving an adequate rate of return on investment as this is necessary for survival and  the attracting of new capital(kulkarni, 1986: 76) We know that firms aim at maximizing the wealth of shareholders. In its effort to maximize shareholders wealth, the firm should earn sufficient return from the operations. Earning a sound amount of profit requires successful business activities. The firm has to invest enough funds in current assets for the success of business activity. Current assets are needed because sales do not convert into cash immediately. Investment in current assets should be just adequate or not more not less, to the needs of the business firm. It should be realized that the working capital needs of the firm may be fluctuating with changing business activity. This may cause excess or shortage of working capital frequently. The management should be too prompt to begin an action and current imbalance. Thus, the firm should have knowledge of the sources of working capital funds as well as investment avenues where idle funds may be temporarily invested. Thus the study of working capital is of prime importance to internal and external analysts because of its close relationship with the current day to day operations of a business enterprise. Management of working capital in a business enterprise is very important mainly for few reasons. Firstly, an enterprise, must determine the adequacy of investment in current assets, otherwise, it would seriously erode their liquidity base. Secondly, they must select the type of current asset suitable for investment so as to raise operational efficiency. Thirdly they are required to ascertain the turnover of current assets that greatly determine the profitability of the enterprise. Lastly they must find out the appropriate source of funds to finance current assets. It is therefore a recognized fact that any mistake made in management of working capital can lead to adverse affects in business and can reduce the liquidity turnover and profitability of the firms. Working capital management is an important decision making area of financial management of an enterprises. It requires understanding for how to raise and allocated financial resources how to relate Short-term investments, financial decisions to the overall objectives of the firm and how to relate  short-terms financial decisions to certain long term financial decision to certain long term financial decisions .(Upadhyay,1985:40) Working capital management involves the relationship between a firms Short-term assets and its short term liabilities. The goal of working capital management is to ensure that a firm is able to continue its operations and that is has sufficient ability to satisfy both maturing short-term debt up coming operational expenses. The management of working capital involves managing inventories, account receivable, account payable, cash etc. There are two concept of working capital gross concept and net concept. Gross working capital simply called as working capital, refers to the firms investment in current asserts. Current assets are the assets which can be converted into cash within an accounting year and include cash, short-term securities, debits, bills receivables and stock. Net working capital refers to the difference between current assets and current liabilities current liabilities are those claims of outsiders which are expected to return for payment within an accounting year and include creditors, bills payable and outstanding expenses. Net working capital can be positive or negative. A positive net working capital will arise when current assets exceed current liabilities. A negative net working capital occurs when current liabilities are in excess of current assets. (Pandey; 1995: 665) Working capital management is a process of short-term decision making regarding the current assets and liabilities affecting the long term operation of an organization. It is a process of planning and controlling the level and mix of current assets of the firm as well as financing these assets. It includes decision regarding cash and marketable securities, receivables, inventories and current liabilities with an objective of maximizing the overall in due of the firm. In general, the concept of working capital is synonymous with the fund available for meeting day -to- day requirements of a company. But according to a group of authorities working capital refers to the amount of investment  in total current assets only. It means they are supporting the gross concept of working capital. Thus the gross concept of working capital denotes short-term asset only, it does not include short-term liabilities. However, a business can not exist only with the current assets, it needs current liabilities too. Actually, the amount of working capital heaving depends upon the amount of current liabilities. In this sense working capital means the excess of current assets over current liabilities. Meaning of Banks Banks are very important financial intermediaries in financial market. â€Å"Financial intermediaries not only savers but also they create new financial products. They gain economics of scale in analysis of credit worthiness of potential borrowers in processing and collecting lone and minimize cost of information and make easy flow of transactions.(Peter, 1999: 4) Banks are the principal source of credit to house hold, individuals and family business all forms and local units of government Furth more, they are the source of financial information, planning and controlling. â€Å"Banking institution is inevitable for resource mobilization and all-round development of the country. It is resource for economic development; it maintains economic confidence of various segments and extends credit to people. (Ronald, 1993: p 87). Bank deal with money by accepting various type of deposits disbursing loans and investing in productive sectors and rendering other financial services as the primary function. Banks are channels between saving surplus and saving deficit people and thus they are the bridge of utilize scatter fund to productive sectors. Hence, they represent a vital role in the transmission of government economic policies (especially monitory policies) to the economy. When bank credit is expensive, the investment slows down and unemployment rises. Bank deposit represents the most significant component of the money supply used by the public, commercial banks play an important role for economic development of the country as they provide capital for the development of industry trade and business by investing the saving collected as deposits from public. They render various services to their customers facilitating their economic and  social life. About Bank of Katmandu Ltd. Bank of Kathmandu Ltd. (BOK LTD.) is a culmination of a comprehensive vision of the promoters to take the Nepalese economy to a newer realign in the global market. Each promoters of Bank of Kathmandu has successfully demonstrated leadership skill, business acumen and entrepreneurial wants his/her respective field. Bank of Kathmandu came into operation in March 1995, under the commercial bank act 2031 with the following predominant objectives. Identify business prospects not at catered by then existing commercial banks and offer new banking products and services. Introduce modern banking technology facilitating bank and business operations and transactions. Bank of Kathmandu activities globe around deposit mobilizations, Advancement of various credits, International banking including trade financing, inward and outward remittance and funds and portfolio management. The bank has introduced many facilities to the customer. Deposits of unfavorable conditions, the bank has been able to make a substantial marketing of products, expansion of areas and diversification of service using latest technology, which will ultimately, helps it to grow further. Bank of Kathmandu is committed to providing products and service of the highest standards to its customer by understanding their requirements best suiting the market needs. Bank of Kathmandu has been providing any where banking facilities, from which customer can deposit and withdraw from any of nineteen branches including head office. Bank has lunched customer oriented service such as hire purchase, educational loan, housing loan, vehicle loan, festivity loan, foreign employment loan scheme etc. bank of Kathmandu. It’s launched the mobile banking service through SMS. With the aim of providing banking services at the customer fingertips. Bok is starting internet Banking and alert service. BOK is starting internal banking and alert service very soon. Capital Structure of Bank of Kathmandu Independent and Self-Governing board, involving a pool of endowed and farsighted directors, each directors of the board has been recognized and well-acclaimed for his/her contribution in the development and growth of Bank of Kathmandu. Young, seasoned and talented bankers, each with year of banking experience and proven competency, Constitute the management team of bank of Kathmandu. In the present economic scenario the bank has to complete with other existing and new commercial bank of Nepal. It is already established itself as an innovative bank that introduces new modern technology in the banking industry. In short, BOK has made significant contribution to support the countries economic system and development effort. 1.2 Focus of the Study Financial institutions assist in the economic development of the country. The concept of financial institution in Nepal was introduced when the first commercial bank, the Nepal Bank Limited, was established in 1994 B.S as a semi-government organization. In the fiscal year 2039/040, new banking policy was introduced for the establishment of new banks by the joint investment of foreign nations. The establishment of joint venture banks gave a new horizon to the financial sector of the country. Commercial banks are the heart of the financial system, which plays significant role by collecting scattered surplus fund and delaying these funds in the productive sectors as an investment. They hold the deposits of many persons, government establishment and business units. They make fund available through their lending and investing activities to borrowers, individuals, business firms and government establishments. Bank is a business organization where monetary transaction occurs. It creates funds from its client, saving and lends the same to needy person or business companies’ in term of loans, advances and investment. So, proper financial decision making is more important in banking transaction for its efficiency and profitability. Most of the financial decisions of a bank are concerned with current assets and current liabilities. The working capital management of a bank is different from that of other  business enterprises. A bank plays a significant role to fulfill the requirement of working capital of any other type of business enterprises. It also needs efficient management. Investment in working capital of other business enterprises is a part of current assets of banks working capital and we can consider deposits and short term borrowing as a part of current liabilities. So this study is a reference regarding the working capital management. 1.3 Statement of the Problem Working capital management has been regarded as one of the conditioning factor in the decision making issue. The management of working capital is synonymous to the management of short- term liquidity. Working capital is regarded as the life blood and nerve of a business concern and is essential to accommodate the smooth operations of working capital is harmful to an enterprise to achieve its primary objectives, therefore maintaining optimal level of working capital is the cruse of the problem as it is strongly related to the trade off between risk and return. How ever it is difficult to point out as to how much working capital needed by a particular business organization. An organization which is not willing to take more financial risks can go for more short term liquidity. The more of short term liquidity means more of current assets and less of current liabilities. The less current liabilities implies less short term financing heading to the lower returns resulting from the use of more high cost long term financing , so it is very essential to analysis and find out problems and its solution to make efficient use for funds for minimizing the risk of loss to attain profit objective. Inadequate investments in working capital threaten the solvency of enterprise as well as effect its growth. On the other hand, excessive investments in working capital yield nothing. Therefore working capital should be determined in such a way that total cost of liquidity and cost of non liquidity is minimum. Hence the goal of working capital management is to manage the firm’s current assets and current liabilities in such a way that it should maintain satisfactory level. Working capital management of banks is more difficult than that of manufacturing and non manufacturing business organization. Commercial banks are great monetary institutions which are playing important role to general welfare of the economy. The responsibility of commercial banks is more than any other financial institutions. They must be ready to pay on demand without warning or notice, a good share of their viabilities. Banks collect funds from different types of deposits for providing loan and advances to different sector. To get higher return, banks must try to increase funds from deposits as well as their investment. The first motive of banking business is to borrow public saving and lend to needy people. But commercial banks always face the problem for utilizing more deposit as investment fully and productively. The gap between collection of deposits and disbursement of loan increase the cash balance on bank, which require paying its large amount of liability of banks. Some specific problems felt in this study are as follows:- 1. What are the major factors effecting the management of WC in BOK? 2. Which of the current assets are more problematic on BOK? 3. How have the firms been raising the required funds? Is the funds properly and productively utilized or not? 4. What are the components of WC which affect the operating income of BOK? 5. How have the bank been utilizing their debt capital. 1.4 Objective of the Study Research objectives are the guidelines to conducting the research at a right way. The major objective of the study is to evaluate the working capital position of bank of Kathmandu limited. The other objectives of this study are to throw light on the importance of the proper management of working capital and to make suggestion about how to manage working capital of bank of Kathmandu limited from the long rage view point. The specific objectives of the study are as follows: 1. To indicate liquidity position in current assets of bank of Kathmandu limited over the year. 2. To point out the position of current liabilities and assets of bank of Kathmandu limited over the year. 3. To analyze the need to control investment in working capital in bank of Kathmandu limited. 4. To make suggestion about removing any obstacle in making decision regarding management of working capital and to point out  alternating solution for maximizing the profit . 1.5 Significance of the Study Working capital is the size of investment in each type of current assets, each of the current assets should be managed efficiently an effectively. It is because decision regarding working capital affects not only the profit ability of the firm in the short term but also its very survival in the long run. The management of working capital should not be neglected by enterprises otherwise they will seriously erode their financial viability. As the commercial bank in Nepal are exacting greater and greater influence in the economy of the country and effective and efficient management of their current assets is needed to better the profitability of the firm. The need of the study like this arises from the real nature of the banking business and also forms the impact that it has economy of the country because the business of banks is to accept deposits and advanced loans, and the label of deposits and loans depends upon the working capital policy the study of this type will be most importance for the bankers, the economists and the public at large. It provides the literature to the researcher who wants to carry on further researcher who wants to carry on further research in this field. Therefore, it has been felt very necessary to evaluate the position of working capital management and to focus on the importance of the capital management in bank of Kathmandu limited. 1.6 Limitations of the Study None of the study can go beyond the boundary of some limitations and this study is also not an exception. The scope of the present study has been limited in terms of period of study as well as sources and nature of data. The following are the major limitations of the study. 1. This study is considered only bank of Kathmandu limited and based on secondary data. 2. This study focused on working capital management of bank of Kathmandu limited only. Thus the findings of the study may not be applicable for other bank so the study cannot judge other financial aspects of the bank. 3. Only main financial tools and statistical tools are employed for analyzing the working capital management. 4. The study only covers the period of five  fiscal years from 2059/060 to 2063/ 064. 5. This study is basically done as the requirement for the partial fulfillment of masters of Business studies (MBS) of Tribhuvan university (T.U.) 1.7 Organization of the Study The study has been divided into five chapters. They are as follows:- 1. Introduction The first chapter deals with introduction, background of the study, limitations of the study and organization of the study. There fore, this chapter is for brief introduction of the topic and it highlights the fundamental objectives. 2. Review of literature The second chapter deals with the review of related literatures and available studies Written and prepared by different experts and researcher in the field of working capital. 3. Research Methodology The third chapter presents the research methodology used in the study. It deals with research design, population and sample. Nature and sources of data date processing procedure, tools and techniques of analysis. 4. Presentation and Analysis of Data The fourth chapter is the main part of this research that deals with the presentation analysis and interpretation of data. Different types of tools and technique have been used to analyze the available data in order to achieve the set objectives. 5. Summery, Conclusion and Recommendations The fifth chapter presents the summary and conclusion of the study based on the analysis of data and also provides recommendation for the improvement of working capital management of bank of Kathmandu limited. CHAPTER- 2 Review of Literature This chapter is concerned with the review of relevant literatures available in the books, journals articles research reports, newspapers, magazines, policy documents which are published or unpublished. Every study is very much based in past knowledge study and experiences. The past knowledge or the previous studies should not be ignored as it provides foundation to the present study various thesis works have done indifferent aspects of working capital of different organization are also review for the purpose of justifying the study . 2.1Conceptual Framework The management of the funds of business can be described as financial management. Financial management is mainly concerned with two aspects. Firstly, fixed assets and fixed liabilities, which are concerned with current uses and sources of funds. Both of these types of funds play a vital role in business finance. Business firms need various types of assets in order to carry out its operation. Some assets are required to meet the needs of regular production and same other are required specially to meet day to day expenses and short term obligations. The assets such as cash, marketable, securities, account receivables and inventories which are know as current assets are required to maintain at a certain level depending upon the volume of production and sales. The cash and marketable securities are respectively considered as purely liquid and near liquid assets where as the account receivable and inventories are not. However they can be liquidated as and when necessary within a period of less than one year. The capital invested on these assets is known as working capital. In short working capital is the sources of financing current assets and it includes shorts as well as long term financing. Firms need cash to pay for all their day to day activities. They have to pay wages, pay for raw materials, pay bills and so on. The money available to them to do this is known as the firm’s working capital. The main sources of working capital are the current assets as these are short term assets that  the firm can use to generate cash. However the firm also has current liabilities and so these have to be taken account of when working out how much working capital a firm has its disposal. Working Capital is there fore:- Thus working capital is the same as net current assets, and is an important part of the top half of the firm’s balance sheet. It is vital to a business to have sufficient working capital to meet its entire requirement. Many businesses have gone under not because they were unprofitable but because they suffered from shortages of working capital. By the definition of various experts of working capital management we conclude that all institution whether private or public financial institution manufacturing or non manufacturing that need just adequate working capital to compete with competitive market . It is because over or under adequacy of working capital is dangerous from the firms objective points of view over investment on working capital effects the firms profitability just as idle investment. on the other hand under investment on working capital effects the liquidity position of the firm and causes to financial hindrance and failure of the company . It is therefore a recognized fact that any mistake made in management of working capital can cause to adverse effects in business and reduces the liquidity turn over and profitability and increases the cost of financing of the organization. â€Å"The objective of managing working capital is to aid in the value maximization of the firm by minimizing the cost of working capital. The level of working capital also differs by the types and nature of business. The cost of maintaining the working capital depends on the sources of finance used. The short-term sources generally cost less than the long term sources but they are riskier. (Pradhan, 1992: 148) 2.2 Concept of Working Capital There are two schools of thoughts or concepts regarding the meaning of working capital. According to one school of thought, working capital is meant for the currents only. It is concerned nothing with the liabilities  side. According to other school of thought working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities. The former concept which can be termed as gross concept, is important to newly established companies where liabilities have not been acquired immediately , but the lattes one which can be term as net concept is important for both newly established and operating concerns where some amount of current liabilities has been maintained for payment of different creditors, income taxes, bill payable, secured and unsecured loan etc. The term current assets refers to those assets which in the ordinary course of business can be or will be turn into cash within one year without undergoing or diminishing in value and without disrupting the operations of the firm such as cash, Marketable securities, accounts receivables and inventory etc. current liabilities are those liabilities which are intended at their inception to be paid in the ordinary course of business such as accounts payable, bank overdraft and outstanding expenses etc . Mainly there are two concepts of working capital gross concept and net concept. Gross Concept In a simple term gross concept of W/C means investment in current assets in other words, gross working capital is the total amount of available for financing of current assets .However it does not show the real financial position of a business firm. According to this concept the working capital may be classified as capital invested in the various types of current assets such as cash, inventories, receivables etc. This classification important from financial managers point of view as it lays emphasis on the various areas of functional responsibility but it totally ignores the time which is very important in the formulation of procurement polices. From the view of I m pandey gross working capital refers to the firms investment in current assets. C/A are the assets which can be converted into cash within an accounting year and include cash short term securities debtors bills receivables and stock. Net Concept Gross concept of W/C is the narrow concept which is only concerned with the  study about total investment of current assets .In the other hands, net concept of W/C is a broad concept which focuses to long term view of working capital. under the concept of net W/C it studies current assets and current liabilities as differently. Todays market is heterogeneous every changed in environment and other factors bring changes of demand needs and wants of customers at the same time so every business firms have to be made their W/C policies to fit the new environment thus, Net W/C concept should be studied to know the portion of current liabilities. How much current liabilities should be managed to how much current assets? Net W/C is an accounting concept, which represents the excess of current assets over its current liabilities. current assets consists of cash, bank balance, stock, debtors, bills receivables etc and current liabilities consists bills payable, creditors, outstanding expense s etc. Excess of current assets over current liabilities, thus, it indicates the liquidity position of an enterprises. From the view point of I .M pandey, the term net working capital refers to â€Å"the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Current liabilities are those claims outsiders which are expected to nature for payment within an accounting year and include creditors, bills payable and outstanding expenses. Net working capital can be negative or positive. A positive Net W/C will be arise when capital occurs when current liabilities are in excess of current assets† (Pandey;1995;p730 ) 2.3 Classification of Working Capital Working capital can be classified into two types:- 1. Permanent or fixed working capital 2. Temporary or variable or fluctuating working capital A firm’s permanent working capital is the amount of current assets required to meet long term minimum needs. Temporary working capital on the other hand is the investment in current assets that varies with seasonal requirements. figure in below illustrates the firms changing needs for working capital over time while highlighting both the permanent and temporary nature of those needs. Permanent working capital is similar to the firm’s fixed assets in two important respects. First, the amount invested in both of these asset groups  is long term. Therefore supplies of capital to the firm need to realize that the funding needs for permanent current assets is long term despite the seeming contradiction that the assets being financed are called â€Å"Current†. Second, for a growing firm, the level of permanent working capital needed will increase over time in the same way that a firms fixed assets will need to increase over time. However, permanent working capital is different from fixed assets in one very important respects- it is constantly changing permanent working capital does not consists of particular current assets staying permanently in place , but is a permanent level of investment in current assets, whose individual items are constantly turning over. Like permanent working capital, temporary working capital also consists of current assets in a constantly changing form. However since the need for this portion of the firms total current assets is seasonal, we may want to consider financing this level of current assets from a source which can it self be seasonal or temporary in nature. (Van Horn; 1996: 205) Thus the permanent working capital refers to that level of current assets which is required on a continuous basis over the entire year and the temporary working capital represents that portion of working capital which is required over permanent working capital. 2.4 Objectives of Working Capital A bank undertakes many transactions daily. Sometimes, customers deposits large quantity and sometimes withdraw from their deposits in high quantity. Investment fund of banks is covered by deposit collections of different types of account holder. A bank should have to pay the money to depositors when they want to withdraw. For daily operation of office and to meet the administrative expenses, a bank should have certain level of working capital. Working capital is required to run the business smoothly and efficiently in the context of the set objective. It is no doubt that no company can achieve its goal without proper use of working capital. Therefore it can compare as lifeblood to the organization. The main objectives of arranging capital are as follows: 1. To pay to depositors 2. To maintain cash reserve ratio (CRR) statutory liquidity Ratio (SLR) 3. To satisfy the customers by granting loans promptly and increase the attraction of business etc. 4. To meet the administrative expenses, perform the task as per objectives of business and run the business smoothly. 5. To fulfill the present need of business as well as get ready for risk and economic fluctuation in future. 2.5 Need of Working Capital Working capital is maintained at bank by current saving fixed deposit collection. Specially to grant loan and to pay cheque, creditors and account holders demand the liquidity. Generally banks need liquidity for maintaining following goals. 1. Transaction Motive 2. Security Motive 3. Speculative Motive Figure 2.2 Need of working capital 2.6 Determinants of Working Capital The total requirement of working capital is determined by a wide variety of factors. The influence of these factors is different in different business organizations. Perhaps none of them can neglect the management of adequate w/c. Therefore, an analysis of the relevant factors should be made in order to determine the total investment in w/c. The description of the factors which generally influence the w/c requirement of the firm is given below 1) Nature and Size of Business The working capital requirement of a firm is basically related to Nature and size of the business organization. If the size of the business is small, then it requires less working capital but if the business organization is bigger, it requires more working capital. Financial and training institution have needed very high amount of w/c. Public utilities have a very limited need of w/c and have to invest abundantly in fixed assets. Their working capital requirements are nominal. 2) Production Policy We just noted that a strategy of constant production may be maintained in order to resolve the working capital problems arising due to seasonal changes in the demand for the firm’s product. A steady production policy will cause inventories to accumulate during the off season periods and the firm will be exposed to greater inventory costs and risks. Thus, if cost and risks of maintaining a constant production schedules in accordance with changing demand. Those firms, whose productive capacities can be utilized for manufacturing varied products can have the advantaged of diversified activities and solve their working capital problems. (Pandey; 1995: 675) 3) Operating Efficiency Operating efficiency of the firm means the optimums utilization of resources at minimum cost .The firm cannot effectively contribute to its working capital when the operating efficiency is low. Working capital turnover is improved with a better operation and financial efficiency of a firm, efficiency of operation accelerates the face of cash cycle and improves the working capital turnover . It releases the pressure on working capital by improving profitability and improving the internal generation of fund. 4) Manufacturing Cycle Manufacturing cycle starts with the purchase and use of raw material and completes with the production of finished goods. Longer the manufacturing cycle larger will be the firms working capital requirements. An extended manufacturing time span means large tie-up funds in stocks. Thus if there are alternative way of manufacturing cycle should be chosen, once a manufacturing process has been selected , it should be ensured that manufacturing cycle is completed with in the specified period . This need proper planning and coordination at all levels of activity non manufacturing firm financial and service oriented enterprises do not have manufacturing cycle .(Pandey ; 1995: 674) 5) Profit Margin The net profit is source of working capital to the extent that has been earned in cash. The earning capacity of the different firm can not be equal.  In the words of I.M .Pandey some firms enjoy a dominant position due to quality product or good marketing management or monopoly power in the market and earn a high profit margin. Higher profit margin contributes to more working capital. The level of working capital is determined not only by the profit margin , but also by the way of appropriation for taxations, dividends, reserves and depreciation only after providing for these items internal funds can be set a side for working capital . As the provisions for these items are higher the amount of working capital will be lesser. 6) Level of Taxes The level of taxes is one of the important elements, which is also influences working capital requirement of a firm. The amount of taxes to be paid in advances is determined by the prevailing tax regulations. But the firms profit is not constant or cant be predetermined. Tax liability in a sense of short- term liquidity is payable in cash. Therefore the provision for tax amount is one of the important aspects of working capital planning. If tax liability decrease, it needs to decrease the working capital and vice -versa. Besides the above factors there are many other factors also which may have a greater role in determining the size and composition of working capital for example firms attitude to take risk, credit policy, firms policies toward the financial management in the inflationary period, co-ordination among production, distribution, developed transport and communication system etc could also play an important role in determinants effects both temporary and permanent working capital.

Were the Republicans Hypocrites? :: essays research papers

†¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Daniel Webster defines a Hypocrite as â€Å"a person who puts on a false appearance of virtue or religion† †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Democratic-Republican opposes a strong central government with most power assigned to the states, Alexander Hamilton's economic policies, advocates a liberal agrarian democracy, a foreign policy favoring the French Revolution while also appealing to poor townsfolk. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both Mr. Jefferson and I were firm believers of Republican ideals, but under the circumstances, we had to adapt to the issues that affected our presidencies. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people believe that Thomas Jefferson’s desire to acquire land exceeded executive powers established under the constitution. However, the United States is a growing nation, and I experienced this growth as secretary of state for Mr. Jefferosn. This chart represents the population of the United States from when the first census was preformed until the projected numbers for the 1820 census. As you can plainly see, the number of people in the United States is growing by 2-2.5 million people per decade. There is not enough land to support these numbers, but buying the Louisiana Purchase added plenty of space for our nation to continue growing. Population density will be at a low for the time being thanks to westward expansion. The Louisiana Purchase will also add to our agrarian economy, which is supported by Republicans. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As secretary of state to President Jefferson, I realized the importance of Tripolian conflict, and applied them to my presidency as I handled the War of 1812. The Algerian corsairs captured 119 American merchantmen, held them captive for over 12 years, beat them regularly, were fed near-starvation rations, and were forced to work hard labor. These were American citizens waiting to be liberated. What was Jefferson to do sit back and watch these innocent civilians die, and pay an extreme ransom for their freedom? 31 hostages had already died in captivity, and you think Jefferson should have let the Pasha of Tripoli get away with these murders? Any president under these circumstances would have done the same thing Jefferson did; these acts were humiliating to the United States. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The War of 1812 was similar to Jefferson’s Barbary conflict. American sailors were being impressed by England. The Committee on Foreign Relations of the United States House of Representatives stated in their report, â€Å"The non-intercourse and non-importation laws, which invited the return of both powers to their former state of amicable relations, by offering

Building Aspirations

Educational identity is the most significant principle of becoming a successful student. There are many different majors a student can chose that it can become overwhelming. Young learners may not know what they want to study or take up as a career. I believe people need to find out who they are before they know what they want to study. If we know what we are passionate about we can find out what our strengths are and use them to decide what to major in. This was an easy question for me to answer because I always wanted to be an architect even before I knew the rod â€Å"architect† existed.The key word here is â€Å"knew' because I can't explain how a child would know such a thing. I can tell you the exact moment this decision was clarified in my head. It was Christmas day, 1994, when I was 7 years old. That year I received from Santa Claus: a T-square ruler, a clear 45 degree triangle, and a drawing board, which was Just a 24†³ x 30† polished piece of wood. I didn 't know what these things were, but I remember having this conversation with my dad. I said, â€Å"I'm so excited, I can't wait to cut this board up into something cool! † My dad laughed and said, â€Å"Oh son, that's not for outing! That's for drawing. I said, â€Å"How can I draw with a piece of wood? † He explained I was supposed to draw with paper on the board. Despite the change of thought, I was still excited. My parents always encouraged me to draw, build, or Just create in general. I loved to draw and I especially loved to build things. I would build Logo sets, birdhouses, puzzles, and Just about anything I could get my hands on. So I guess it Just came naturally that I wanted to become an architect by putting my drawing and building skills together. A few things happened between that moment almost 20 years ago, when I decided I wanted to be an architect, and today.Despite me thinking from an early age that I knew what I was going to do as a career when I grew up, I had several occasions of self-doubt where I questioned my ability to actually be an architect. These moments were almost always followed by an overwhelming sense of panic, the type of panic that occurs when you lose your sense of purpose and self-identity. At these critical moments I would tell myself that if I couldn't be an architect, I would become a nurse. I guess it was because my mother was a nurse. I didn't want to be a nurse, but that was my back up plan. In high school I took some art classes and a couple drawing classes.They made me think artistically, but not in the way an architect should. I went to La Sale High School, which was also a college preparatory school, but they offered no architecture classes. The classes they had for drawing didn't offer anything in respects to drafting or technical drawing. Drafting is the backbone of architectural drawings and to not have taken any classes on that type of drawing skill worried me. I was excellent at math and I was v ery well organized. Those are two strong traits to posses going into architecture classes. Despite some challenges I thought I had it all figured out.When I started my first classes in the architecture program at Pasadena City College, I painfully became aware that the skill requirements had separated the strong from the weak. The amount of time and effort that was required to produce the work was astounding and I felt I was simply not prepared for the demands. As a result, the work I generated was average and some days I would feel embarrassed to pin up my work next to my superior classmates. I shortly entered one of those panic modes I described earlier where I thought being an architect was all I ever wanted to e and now I'm terrible at it.I didn't know what I was going to do. Some of the students' were spectacular at drawing and I my drawings were Just mediocre. I didn't want to give up on my life long dream. I needed guidance and inspiration from someone or something. I looked to the architect Louis l. Khan. He said, â€Å"An artist can make a cart with square wheels, but an architect can't. † That quote made me feel better about my drawings. They didn't have to be pretty or pull some sort of made up meaning from them. The drawings Just had to work. Kahn expresses that architects communicate through drawing.It isn't about making art. It is about conveying an idea. That is what I want to do with my drawings. I was also lucky enough to find a teacher and a place to do Just that. My instructor, Professor Lee was strict, but she knew what techniques to show us young architects in order to become successful. She showed us proper ways to draw, build models, organize work, and how to research other project for reference. The class wasn't easy and there were massive amounts of work, but as long as we put in the effort and did the work she was there to guide us in the right direction.I was ailing a little less discouraged at this point, but I still wasn't s ure I could hack it in the program until we went on a field trip. I had no idea that this visit would have such an impact on my educational identity and make me confirm my thoughts about wanting to become an architect. We visited the Cathedral of Our Lady of Angels built by Spanish architect Rafael Money, which is located in downtown Los Angels, off Temple Street and next to the 101 Freeway. His modern-contemporary design conveyed a spiritual Journey that reflects the cultural diversity of the people of LosAngels. It is made from poured concrete, is 11-stories tall, and every angle is acute or obtuse. We entered the cathedral from the South. Unlike most Cathedrals we did not enter through a rear door near the last pews. Instead, we entered the ambulatory, which circles the interior of the Cathedral. This makes the spiritual journey longer because you are walking from the front of the cathedral to the back, and then to the front again. When you are inside looking at the altar you see a huge cross, which is a series of windows made from alabaster, a naturally occurring stone.The alabaster gives the interior a warm even glow. The milky light it gives also makes it very spiritual because it makes the cross look like it is floating. In this moment looking at the cross with light pouring out around it I knew this is what I wanted to do. I wanted to be an architect. Every move Money made in his design had a reason and purpose that was thoughtfully planned. He was not Just drawing plans to a building, he was making a connection with the people who entered the cathedral. It had become clear to me that being an architect was not about being the top in class r whose design was the best.It is about the concepts you make and how you can relate them to the people who are using the space you create. Piper explains it is a â€Å"†¦ Writer's Job to connect people†¦ † Together on earth. We are all different, but we have needs that can be addressed through readi ng and writing. Piper also expresses that â€Å"change writing† involves original thought and engagement. That is what architecture does. It promotes original thought from the architect, but at the same time requires engagement from the people using the building. It connects the people together who have multiple points of view.Even though I knew I wanted to become an architect at an early age it didn't mean I would automatically be successful. I had my doubts, but I never gave up. I still had to find out what I was passionate about. I could then use those emotions to create designs that connect to people. I hope that through these designs people will expand their knowledge. It is important to find yourself first in order to find your strengths. You don't have to know what you want to take as a major or what career field you want to be in at young age. So don't be afraid to explore.

Good and Evil Essay

From the moment you were born, good and evil did not matter to you. As a child, your journey was not determined yet. People develop their own perceptions of what is right and wrong, as they grow up, through their experiences. What a person sees as evil and wrong could be different than how others view it. A person cannot rightfully understand what it means to be good unless they can avoid evil. To truly avoid being evil, one must learn to stay true to their ideals, goals, and relationships. The journey to good starts with the choices that will shape you for the rest of your life. An image of a new-born baby can be used as a symbol to represent good things such as: the untouched, purity, and innocence. Such description is titled under a new-born because when a baby is born, its sensory motors are heightened due to the incapability of sight. As from what I remembered, the inability of sight can also possibly symbolize another aspect of purity in a way where one is not able to see the impurities of another. A new-born child can also be represented as innocence. Once a baby is born, people keep babies indoors and out of harm and danger. A baby also can resemble an awareness of the purity and innocence being able to be easily broken, because of the fragility of an infant. Therefore, a new-born baby can generally symbolize purity, innocence, and untouched; however, it can also emphasize the fragility of the nature of good in such a way where if a single influence is displayed, one can easily learn and assimilate rapidly and change. With the society in which we live in today, the mass media plays a big role upon how an individual thinks, dresses, and acts. The media industry has become overpopulated by the dominance of men, thus demeaning women into several bad images. Women today are represented as sex symbols in music videos. If not, represented as a sex symbol, women are set on a high expectation to become model-like figures in order to gain acceptance of the society within the fashion industry; this expectation leads to the loss of one’s self through binging, dieting, and smoking cigarettes. Such dramatically terrible actions advertise bad images for the younger generation, encouraging them to become beautiful like one of the models on television. In regards to commercialism, there are many advertisements that encourage the society to allow children to become obese. We as a society are feeding our children with unhealthy foods due to the high rates of poverty. In relation to poverty, it is one of the reasons why there are criminals who steal to survive. Going back to Charles Darwin’s theory of â€Å"Survival of the Fittest†, we strive to survive in such a chaotic world filled with injustice and evil to where we reach a limit when it is difficult to be good sometimes. â€Å"It takes just as much energy to be evil as it does to be good and few people have energy enough for either course†¦ Evil isn’t what one does, it’s something one is that infects everything one does. † This quote, stated by Davies in Rebel Angels, exhibits the role of society. All of these industries believe that they are doing justice to the economy and the people (for example, to make people look or dress better, etc); however, in reality the products they are advertising are unhealthy for the public. We, as a general public, are solely attracted to what looks appealing, and are not really drawn to what it really does for you. This emphasizes the corruption of the society, thus revealing the nature of evil. â€Å"The evil that is in the world always comes of ignorance, and good intentions may do as much harm as malevolence, if they lack understanding. † This quote means that we are evil because we are ignorant of the good things in the world because we are selfish. And we are selfish because we refuse to understand such things. For example, when it comes to advertising, the industries advertise products for popularity and for more money without really caring about the outcomes of the public. They are ignorant of the outcomes the public. â€Å"The soul of the murderer is blind; and there can be no true goodness nor true love without the utmost clear sightedness. † Going back to the resemblance of one not being able to see, a blind man symbolizes purity because he is unable to see the imperfections of someone else. Camus explains that it is impossible for one to remain good, once an individual is evil; he or she has no representation of consciousness or guilt because he or she is only thinking about themselves. The nature of evil is thus, represented as the ignorance and selfishness of the people. It is said in Asian cultures that the good balances evil and vice versa and that one cannot do alone without the other. In Chinese philosophy, Yin-Yang describes â€Å"shadow and light. † It represents the polar opposites or the different forces that are interconnected and interdependent in the natural world, and how they work with each other in turn in relation to each other. Without the balance of good and evil, there would not be any balance within the earth’s core. Yin is like the moon, and Yang is like the sun. Without each other, one would not exist. For example, if the sun did not exist, there would not be such thing as â€Å"night† nor â€Å"day†. To paraphrase everything, the good becomes corrupted by the evil. However, the natures of good and the natures of evil intertwine to become a regular human being. There is an equilibrium between saints and Satans, somewhere in between the immortals, which is also known as us, human beings. There is Satan, because there is God. Human beings are made of good and evil. One cannot just be good, and one cannot just be evil. In some form, they are both good and evil, because one cannot be without the other. You need evil in the world, for there to be good. The way one sees evil may not be evil for the other but also, he might see good in it. Even though Davies says evil takes as much energy as good and people barely have energy to do either, but evil is not what someone does, but he is evil himself from how he infects everything from what he does.

Free Essays on Reactions To Dr. Jenner’s

Reactions to Dr. Jenner’s Smallpox Vaccine: 1798 – 1825 Smallpox is one of the most problematic epidemic diseases that humankind has ever faced. It is one of the oldest and greatest killers of people for thousands of years. That was until 1796, when Dr. Edward Jenner released his smallpox vaccine to the English public. Dr. Jenner was an English doctor and scientist who gave a gift to the human race that must never be forgotten, the gift of the vaccine. As Jenner’s vaccine made its way into different parts of the world, reactions to its presence took many different forms, sometimes positive forms, and sometimes negative forms. Whatever the responses may have been, we can at least say it caused a variety of reactions among the population of the world, and that those reactions had an impact on the spread and use of the vaccination in different parts of the world. Since Dr. Jenner released his vaccine in 1796 many historians have written about the different responses and what those responses were like. However, many historians have failed to account for why the reactions may have been so different. They have done a great job of keeping the information about the reactions available; however they did not offer their readers and understanding of the motives behind those reactions. I felt that in order to understand the reactions, motives for the different reactions had to be found and understood, because it is in these motives that the reactions to the vaccine took shape and history was made. This paper will focus on those motives and attempt to explain the different reactions to Jenner’s vaccination. People need to see why reactions to Jenner’s vaccination were so varied and different around the world. Jenner’s vaccine was a gift to humanity, but strangely, reactions to the vaccine depending on the place did not necessarily reflect that view. Responses to Jenner’s smallpox vaccine positive or negative were driven ... Free Essays on Reactions To Dr. Jenner’s Free Essays on Reactions To Dr. Jenner’s Reactions to Dr. Jenner’s Smallpox Vaccine: 1798 – 1825 Smallpox is one of the most problematic epidemic diseases that humankind has ever faced. It is one of the oldest and greatest killers of people for thousands of years. That was until 1796, when Dr. Edward Jenner released his smallpox vaccine to the English public. Dr. Jenner was an English doctor and scientist who gave a gift to the human race that must never be forgotten, the gift of the vaccine. As Jenner’s vaccine made its way into different parts of the world, reactions to its presence took many different forms, sometimes positive forms, and sometimes negative forms. Whatever the responses may have been, we can at least say it caused a variety of reactions among the population of the world, and that those reactions had an impact on the spread and use of the vaccination in different parts of the world. Since Dr. Jenner released his vaccine in 1796 many historians have written about the different responses and what those responses were like. However, many historians have failed to account for why the reactions may have been so different. They have done a great job of keeping the information about the reactions available; however they did not offer their readers and understanding of the motives behind those reactions. I felt that in order to understand the reactions, motives for the different reactions had to be found and understood, because it is in these motives that the reactions to the vaccine took shape and history was made. This paper will focus on those motives and attempt to explain the different reactions to Jenner’s vaccination. People need to see why reactions to Jenner’s vaccination were so varied and different around the world. Jenner’s vaccine was a gift to humanity, but strangely, reactions to the vaccine depending on the place did not necessarily reflect that view. Responses to Jenner’s smallpox vaccine positive or negative were driven ...

How to Format a UK Business Letter

How to Format a UK Business Letter How to Format a UK Business Letter How to Format a UK Business Letter By Ali Hale I covered writing US business letters, but I know we have a number of readers in the United Kingdom too – or readers who might want to write to companies within the UK. I’ll just be covering the formatting here rather than explaining again why each element is included, so you might want to read the article on US business letters first. The UK format is similar to US full block format, with these key differences for UK letters: The return address is right-aligned The date is written as â€Å"15th May 2008† not â€Å"May 15, 2008† A comma, not a colon, follows the recipients’ name The subject (if included) is centred In the UK, a standard business letter looks like this: Just as with the US examples, I’ll break the letter down into the main elements, working from the top to the bottom. Your Address Your address, also known as the â€Å"return address†, comes first (leave this off if you’re using letter-headed paper). 123 Old Road Newtown London SW1 3AA Your return address should be right-justified. The Date Directly beneath this, the date on which the letter was written: 15th May 2008 In the UK, the day comes before the month, and it is fine to put â€Å"st†, â€Å"nd† or â€Å"th† after the day’s date, eg. â€Å"15th† â€Å"1st† or â€Å"2nd†. You can position the date on the right or on the left of your letter. Recipent’s name and address Beneath this, you should put the recipient’s name and address, just as it would appear on the envelope. If you’re using a window envelope, make sure it’ll show through when the paper is inserted. The recipient’s name and address should be positioned on the left-hand side. The Greeting After their address, you should leave a line’s space then put â€Å"Dear Mr Jones†, â€Å"Dear Bob† or â€Å"Dear Sir/Madam† as appropriate. Follow this with a comma. The greeting should be left-aligned. The Subject You may want to include a subject for your letter this is often helpful to the recipient, especially if they receive a lot of mail. If you do include a subject line, thsi should be directly below the Dear name, centered on the page, and can be in bold, uppercase or both to make it stand out. The Text of your Letter The main body of your letter should have: Single-spacing between lines A blank line (NOT an indent) before each new paragraph Each new paragraph should start at the left hand side. The Closing and Your Name and Signature After the body of text, your letter should end with an appropriate closing phrase such as â€Å"Yours sincerely† or â€Å"With best regards†, and a comma. Leave several blank lines after the closing (so you can sign the letter after printing it), then type your name. You can optionally put your job title and company name on the line beneath this. Joe Bloggs Marketing Director, BizSolutions The closing and your name and signature should all be on the left hand side. Still stuck? Try this letter writing exercise – it’s aimed at school-kids in the UK, but it’s good fun for adults too! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 101The Four Sounds of the Spelling OUApostrophe with Plural Possessive Nouns

Effects Of Society On The Development Of A Homosexual Research Paper

Effects Of Society On The Development Of A Homosexual - Research Paper Example However, the general attitude that the society has toward gay men or lesbian women continues to be negative. Most homosexual individuals do not get the support or acceptance that an individual of regular sexual orientation would get. This perhaps is the reason why most homosexual individuals are subject to a high degree of trauma and mental stress in the process of accepting and living with their sexual orientation. Majority of society believes that homosexuality is a choice, causing them to be judgmental toward those who experience same sex attractions. This paper discusses the effects of society on the development of a homosexual, analyzing the problems faced by them through different stages of life. In the beginning stages of life or during childhood, there are no traces or hints that would reveal sexual orientation, meaning it would simply not make sense to try and analyze the emotions and feelings experienced by a homosexual in the stages of childhood. Studies on the causes of homosexuality have not shown any connection between sexual orientation and history of sexual abuse. This would rule out the possibility that sexual abuse in early ages could be accounted in the process of understanding the causes of homosexuality, thereby making an analysis of the childhood face unnecessary and rather pointless. Sexual orientation would not be evident, nor will it be talked of or noticed at such an early age. The individuals would not realize it until later, while some others even live in conflict with their sexual orientation, unable to accept it or admit it. The stage where the individuals begin to feel or rather realize that there might be some difference in how they regard themselve s as a sexual being or the attraction that they feel towards a person is early adolescence. It is in this stage that slight changes occur in their emotions and feelings when compared to those who are heterosexual or straight. By this time however, the society has