Lighting Needs of Houses in Newbold Crossing

LIGHTING NEEDS OF THE HOUSE Glare problems; snow or bare ground Newbold is situated in the rural north-west sector of NSW, with Clarence River been the main body of water that passes directly through the area. According to results conducted by the Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts  (2009) the turbidity of this large body of water appears to be fair to poor. Turbidity takes into account suspended solids in the water and measures the clarity, absorption of light and the amount of light which gets scattered causing little to no glare to houses on the banks of the river. The topography of Newbold is mainly flat with a couple of gentle slopes, which consists of grass land, bare ground and the remainder of the area been surrounded by trees. As the majority of the days throughout the year are sunny with little or no overcast shadows. This means that there is an abundant amount of sunlight which hits the pasture and bare ground with the majority of the amount of sunlight been absorbed with small amounts uv-rays that bounce off and create minimal to no discomfort to the eyes. Pretoria in South Africa is geographically the same in essence as Newbold Crossing in NSW as the same phenomena with glare occurs there. Clarence Way, Newbold NSW 2460 http://maps. google. com. au/maps? hl=en&tab=wl Natural and artificial methods of lighting Ndebele houses in Pretoria, South Africa only had one opening which was the entrance into the house. As displayed in the picture below the entrance was typically facing the south, this meant that minimal amount of light entered the building. The source of light came from a fire which was set in the middle of the hut. Image 1 Ndebele traditional huts Traditional houses in Pretoria, South Africa have always aimed at eliminating the maximum amount of sunlight that could penetrate their huts. But through the years their huts have evolved and changed due to the influences that they had from the Sotho and Pedi neighbours. In respect to the dimensions of the entrance of their huts, they have gotten bigger meaning that further light could enter the building. This concept is similar to houses first built in Newbold Crossing. Initially they had small window dimensions, as they thought this would minimise the amount of heat that would enter the building, but they suffered from cold nights and low levels of lighting in houses. Soon they developed a new concept where they would have larger window dimensions to allow light into a house so that rooms would be illuminated, and so that relatively low amount of heat would be retained within the household for the cold night, making houses thermally more comfortable. This same concept lead to the idea of large windows been incorporated into Newbold Crossing. The concept has developed as houses in this region have solar passive design. The houses constructed have specific eave dimensions to counteract the amount of sunlight the building takes in. In the winter the sun has a low angle in respect to the horizon of the earth, and the maximum amount of sunlight is absorbed to maintain the building warm and well lit up. But in the summer the angle at which the sun is in respect to the horizon to the earth is greater, this is where the eaves are used to counteract the effect of direct sunlight by the building. To further avoid the abundant amount of direct sunlight, properties in Newbold have trees located in-front of large windows. In the centre and other areas of a house that sunlight does not reach, a skylight is put in place to aid with natural lighting and avoid carbon footprints. The artificial method of lighting in Newbold is through incandescent light bulbs and some of the newer houses use halogen downlights. But the Clarence Valley Council (corresponding council of Newbold) has set up initiatives and emphasised the use of compact fluorescent lights which have less wattage ower but in turn does not require the same amount of energy to run, therefore it uses less electricity and minimises carbon footprints. Taking in mind that there is plenty of sunlight throughout the whole year into households, so artificial lighting should only be used during the evening or for tasks that are complex and require good lighting. REFERENCE Australian Governement, 2009, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, viewed 9 May 2010, Dalton, J 1808, A new system of chemical philosophy, Deansgate, London.

Character Analysis: Mephistopheles

In Goethe’s Faust, Mephistopheles is presented as a servant of the Devil. His chief function is to search for corrupt men and collect their souls. Mephistopheles’ appearance to Faust signifies that Faust’s soul is in danger of damnation. Some scholars claimed that Mephistopheles, although a servant of Satan, is not entirely evil. In the third part of the play, Mephistopheles even warned Faustus not to sell his soul t Lucifer. There are indications that he even advised Faust to seek and reenter God’s favor by foregoing his unwarranted desires. In post-classical literary criticism, Mephistopheles is even depicted as a protector of souls in danger of damnation – a fallen angel who retained some good. Some scholars argued that Mephistopheles is the material manifestation of Faust’s bad conscience. He is perceived to be an angel who permitted Faust to act on endless possibilities. This limitless freedom is synonymous to a life free from God. Indeed, according to some scholars, Mephistopheles represents this limitless freedom. However, it should be noted that Mephistopheles is not merely a symbolic representation of evil. In the play, he is portrayed as a fallen angel – a servant of Satan who collects the soul of damned individuals. The traditional definition of evil is, however, retained in Mephistopheles’ character. The first scene of the play is somehow imitated from one of the most popular stories in the Bible, the story of Job. Faust is a humble teacher and doctor to the poor. He is the proof that there are still men who are truly dedicated to God. Mephistopheles approaches God and mocks Faust for his endless search for understanding. He tells God that such character is a weakness – that it is impossible to fully understand the cosmos. God allows Mephistopheles to ‘tempt’ Faust. Mephistopheles is overtly happy, presumably because he knew that he could easily sway Faust away from God. In his study table, Faust reads some commentaries on the Bible and philosophical tracts. He is deeply sad because after studying so many tracts and books, he still cannot understand the mysteries of the universe. At some point in time, he considers committing suicide. It is Easter Morning. Faust reads the first chapter of the Gospel of John. Mephistopheles then suddenly appeared disguised as a scholar. The two men talk and after which, Faust convinces him to return. . Mephistopheles then appears to Faust, this time in his true form. He offers Faust all the wonders of the world in exchange for his soul. Faust immediately agrees (believing that the soul is not immortal) on the condition that he must experience the greatest pleasure that can be possibly attained. Mephistopheles agrees. A blood pact is then signed. Note the overt traditionalism of the first chapter of the play. Contrary to post-modernist criticism of the play, Mephistopheles is depicted not only as the agent of Satan but also as the bearer of true evil. His proud stature as a fallen angel is a proof that he is fully capable of swaying men away from God. Indeed, Mephistopheles is not only Faust’s bad conscience; he is an incarnate of evil – a creature whose existence is independent from that of either Faust or his conscience.

Black Boy Essay Example for Free

Black Boy Essay Essay Topic: African American Choose cite format: APA MLA Harvard Chicago ASA IEEE AMA company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints Most African American families in the South were lower class and committed dangerous acts to survive, â€Å"Richard suffered poverty and hunger experiences that later became themes of his work†. He would have to wait a long period of time before food was available for him, â€Å"You’ll have to wait till I get a job to buy food†. The lower class did desperate things to get money â€Å"Richard sneak into saloons and begs for pennies and drinks†. Many African Americans suffered horribly from poverty, â€Å"My mothers’ suffering grew into a symbol, gathering to itself all the poverty, the ignorance, the helplessness, the pain, hunger ridden days and hours†. The Jim Crow South brought many adversities for Blacks and poverty was a major part of that. Poverty not only took away the physical things in their lives, but also it took away from their internal selves as human beings. The things they had in their lives that they were deprived of, did not mean as much to them as losing who they are as a person, â€Å"I would send other words to tell, to march, to fight, to create a sense of the hunger of life that gnaws in us all, to keep alive in our hearts a sense of the inexpressibly human†. Racism in the Jim Crow South was brutal, unnecessary, and in some cases fatal. Racism in the United States South was a major theme, and impacted the life of Richard both in a positive and negative way. The only positive aspect of it was that he and many other African Americans overcame it and helped them become better people. In most cases racism affected lives in a negative way. Most African Americans were both physically and mentally pushed to their limit and caused permanent scars in their lives, â€Å"Having been thrust out of the world because of my race, I had accepted my destiny by not being curious about what shaped it†, The quote by Richard shows the racism was present and unfair, you can still move on and not let it be damaging to your daily lives and emotions. Richard experienced many abusive events resulting from racism, â€Å"He experienced some of the most severe abuses of racial oppression in Mississippi†. African Americans have the theory that White people are dangerous and not to be trusted, â€Å"the Jim Crow South was a system of racial segregation practiced in some states of the US, and it gave whites a reason to treat Blacks as second class citizens†. Richard falls into a category of Black youth who fears the White community and has a hard time interacting with them, â€Å"Richard feels psychological tension around Whites†. The major reason why Richard is a part of the Great Migration and fled North is because of racism. The segregation Blacks had to deal with also took away many educational opportunities, â€Å"No education could alter what the meaning of living, came only when one was struggling†. Racism took away many privileges and rights away from Blacks. Many African Americans in the South moved north for better opportunities, and this vast moment was known as the Great Migration. It was hard for many African Americans to leave the South because that was the only life they knew, â€Å"Nine out of ten African Americans lived in the American South in 1900, by 1930, 3 in 10 lived outside the house†. Richard Wrights’ Black Boy shows how racism destroyed the lives of many African Americans, but for some it did just the opposite, as for Richard it drove him to be the successful writer he is today. Violence affected African American youth in a negative way, and it varied how they let it affect the rest of their lives. Poverty took a major toll on the lives of African Americans during the Jim Crow South system, and affected the majority in an unconstructive way. Racism made a huge impact on the lives of the Blacks because it affected their emotions, physicality, home life, and way of being. For some, racism lead to death or completely ruined their lives, but others took the hardship of racism and went with it in the opposite direction. Richard Wright, once a trouble African American boy, now a flourishing writer. Black Boy. (2016, Dec 23).

Research Article Summary Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article Summary - Research Paper Example Methods: information about current food portion was obtained by sampling foods sold meant for immediate consumption from fast-food outlets, take-out joints and family-type restaurants (Young & Nestle, 246). Some of the foods sampled include alcoholic beverages, cakes and steak. This information was obtained directly from the manufacturers or from the package labels. If the information was unavailable, two samples of each food were weighed using Sysco Digital Portion Scale (Young & Nestle, 246). Results: Most of the portions weighed were above the standard portion set by USDA and FDA. The only exception was the sliced white bread. The cookie category posted the largest excess over the set USDA standards by 700%. The other categories exceeded the USDA standards by the following percentages: cooked pasta (480%), muffins (333%), steaks (224%) and bagels (195%). however, other foods such as beer, chocolate, French fires and hamburgers did not exceed the set limits (Young & Nestle, 246). the research also revealed that food companies use larger food sizes compared to what was used two decades ago. the trend towards increasing portion sizes started in the 1970s. increasing sharply in the 1980s to present (Young & Nestle, 246). Discussion and conclusion: the researchers observe that the food portions in the marketplace have increased steadily since the 1970s, and this can be attributed to the fact that the food service industry in the United States has been on a steady growth. This has led to a larger number of new food products being introduced. Competition has also made manufacturers increase portions in order to attract customers. As a result of the increased sizes, the number of claries consumed has increased. Furthermore, there has been a ‘supersizing’ of menu items, making them larger than they were a couple of decades before. The authors conclude that there is need to focus on portion size as one of the strategies of managing weight and

The Human Resources Implications of Greater Ethnic Diversification Essay

The Human Resources Implications of Greater Ethnic Diversification - Essay Example These policies have combined with demographic shifts to leave more and more companies with the most diverse workforce, both in terms of gender and ethnicity, than they have ever had before. Despite this, the human resources implications of greater ethnic diversity have far from ended, rather, they are getting exceedingly more complex. The fact is that, while hiring initiatives have led to greater diversity in the work force, this has led to a whole swath of other implications for human resources professionals. Furthermore, the process through which much of the diversity has been achieved, such as affirmative action hiring, have failed to have either positive business or social justice outcomes. Growing diversity has requires human resources professionals to innovate new methods of team formation and culture shifts in companies, which seem to be the only way to make the gains made by having an ethnically diverse workforce sustainable. The gains of having an ethnically diverse workforc e have been well understood for some time now. ... thnically diverse backgrounds provide insight into their own positions as well as for their coworkers (Jackson et al 1992), while corporations that have a great deal of ethnic diversity on amongst their board of directors tend to perform better in a wide variety of metrics, including profitability and revenue stream (Singh 2007). Furthermore, companies that seek to go beyond simply generating ethnic diversity through hiring practices, but also entrenching cultural values that promote and respect diverse modes of thought have a whole slew of other benefits. Their workforces tend to have more a more collective orientation, more open modes of communication, and are better able to recognize talent from individuals of diverse backgrounds (Martin-Alcaraz 2011). While some indicators of the gains of diverse companies may seem coincidental (and there is a chance, especially with instances with small population studies, such as boards of directors), it does seem that a great deal of ethnic di versity has direct positive impacts for companies that foster such an atmosphere. The goals of diversity initiatives are also obviously not founded solely on improving performance, though this does seem to be an effect of a positively constructed diversity program. Diversity is also important for companies to meet social and ethical requirements and behave as good â€Å"corporate citizens.† The fact is, that with the growing ethnic diversity that has come with globalization, a work force that is not diverse represents a form of oppression rather than a lack of outreach or other such measures. A workforce should resemble the population that surrounds it, and if it has a significant difference, then the company needs to ask itself how and why it is actively excluding portions of the

Self-awareness Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Self-awareness - Personal Statement Example This exposure to different countries, cultures and languages made me appreciate the diversity that the world has to offer. As a result I am able to speak, although not as fluently as English, a number of influential languages for example French, Spanish, Chinese, Arabic and a bit of Zulu. In travelling one comes across other people’s beliefs and traditions some of which seem primitive to the western world standards while others seem quite sophisticated. At times one is led to question their own beliefs on whether they are strong enough or even superior to others. As a Christian, meeting strong believers in Islam always felt like we were in completely different worlds based on the outlook that these religions give to followers regarding the world around us. It is also through travelling and interacting with different people that one best notices their biases and fears. Before the family started going on international vacations, it was hard to comprehend the fact that other coun tries especially in the third and second worlds could be beautiful or enjoyable to live in. It was a big shock to realise that some African countries and others in Asia are quite beautiful and people there treat visitors with utmost respect and dignity. I would be biased on products manufactured from these countries but I realised that theirs are not as chemically produced as ours are. Agricultural products for example from Asia and Africa tend to be sweeter and more natural as farmers use minimum technology and few chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides. Some of my fears are centred on a variety of animals. Coming into contact with anything that has wings or scales can make me have a heart attack. It is ironical that I love turkey and chicken meat more than I do beef or pork. I also love to watch birds fly but I would flee if one came near while the same case applies to reptiles mostly snakes and African crocodiles. Above all fears is the fear to wrong others intentionally. I ha ve grown in a family where respect for one another was highly valued. Fearing to hurt others automatically leads to respect to people and humanity in general. I believe in Santa which is one myth that I have held on since childhood. Morality is another key aspect that my family instilled in us. Due to the strong attachment with the church, I have maintained high moral values. I have also come to appreciate that material wealth or ones socioeconomic status is not as important as self respect and respect for others. Being an American I have strong affiliation to American culture which revolves around respect for our country and, although not in line with the former, occasionally dropping at a fast food restaurant for a burger. As a result of the realisation that happiness does not emanate from material wealth I now cherish more the impact of my actions on others than on myself. In this regard money earned takes a backseat and at the end of the day the issue is always how positive and beneficial my actions were. Turning the world into a better place to live in for all humanity is my lifelong goal. I believe that to make the world a better place everyone must first of all make responsible choices in their lives and take full consequences for their actions. Although some issues like abortion are controversial it is good to have a definite stance on them from a morality standpoint. The world is a harsh place to live in and no one gets away with wrongs committed

Discuss the effects of MEMS on product design, giving detailed Essay - 1

Discuss the effects of MEMS on product design, giving detailed examples of at least two product histories - Essay Example product design in industrial application systems and in the manufacturing of accelerometers is very elaborate, being evidenced by developments in iPhone and TAHE refrigerators, as shall be seen in the discussion which ensues forthwith. The reason behind iPhone and TAHE refrigerators increased volume of sales is because of the integration of MEMS technology into their operating systems, since this approach highly promotes effective and finer product design. MEMS technology has greatly promoted iPhone technology and product design by incorporating the gyroscope technology into its product design, since 2008. A gyroscope is a device that is used for measuring and maintaining orientation, based on the fundamental principles of the conservation of angular momentum. The applicability of the MEMS technology when using the gyroscope in order to further iPhone product designs is underscored by the fact that these gyroscopes use spinning rotors at the centre, in order to read changes that have taken place in orientation. It is for this reason that this kind of gyroscope is referred to as MEMS gyroscope (ADI, 2013, 1). The MEMS technology specifically achieves this feat through the process of integration. Specifically, MEMS does this by integrating electronic and mechanical components, and embedding the same into the entire system, at a very small scale. This feat can easily be achieved through the use of micro-machined silicon sensors and ASIC. For instance, the AGDI 2022 FP6AQ chip is found in the iPhone 4 and it also serves as the MEMS gyroscope which is reputed for having been designed by STMicroelectronics (Kolesar, 1998, 1). There is also the use of chip work which helps embed the gyroscope into the entire MEMS system. The same chip work is found in iPhone 4 and is identical to an off-the-shelf STMicroelectronics which is known as the L3G4200D. Since 2008, the use of GK10A also came in handy, since it oscillates or vibrates when the drive signal is triggered or

Number theory and RSA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Number theory and RSA - Essay Example At this stage, the message is sent to the recipient, for the receiver to get the clear message, the message is decrypted back to original plaintext. The whole process usually rely on a key, this key give a way to encrypt the message by the sender and a way for the listener to figure out what the message says (decrypt). This can be enabled with the use of the old cryptosystem which used the symmetric keys or the newly and more advanced public key cryptosystem. In symmetric keys one had to possess the key that was used to encrypt the message so as to decrypt back the message at the other end; but for the public key cryptosystem knowing the message does not mean one can decrypt the message (Stinson, 2006). For example, the trapdoor function; in this idea, a function ? is for encryption, so, to decrypt one has to find the inverse, ; which is difficult to find, this means that even if you have ? and you understand the output is A, it is still hard to find (A). However, if it happens that you know k, (extra piece information that acts as a lever that lets the inverse fall through by opening the trapdoor), then from ?, A and k one can easily come up with (A), so in this system k is kept secret but the whole message can be displayed or heard by anyone and it does not pose any threat because nobody can decrypt the message. Number Theory In Number theory, theorems have been derived to explain the public key cryptosystem and the key exchange problem (Martin J. Erickson, 2008). Some studies introduce the sage commands to aid in performing basic number theorems such as Euler’s phi function and greatest common divisor. This happens when coding the algorithms and functions, but mathematically it is not a requirement as we will notice in the examples. In definition, integers greater than 1, and their positive divisors are only 1 and itself, then that is a prime number, otherwise if not then it is a composite number (Martin J. Erickson, 2008). The fundamental theorem of arithmetic is the base equation when dealing with number theory is; n The greatest common divisor of k and m, (gcd (k, m)), is the largest number that can divide both k and m. this two positive integers greater than 0 are relatively prime if gcd (k, m) =1. This can be shown by the extended Euclidian algorithm below (T. H. Cormen, 2001), Input: k, m Output: (d, x, y) subject to d=gcd(k,m) and kx + my = d d=k; t=m; x=1; y=0; r=0; s=1; While (t>0) { q = _d/t_ u=x-qr; v=y-qs; w=d-qt x=r; y=s; d=t r=u; s=v; t=w } return (d, x, y) In the above algorithm, these Invariants were used gcd(k,m)=gcd(d,t) kx + my = d kr + ms = t using the Chinese Reminder Theorem(CRT) (Loxton, 1990), we Let m1, m2, ,,, mk be integers subject to gcd(mi, mj) = 1, i j, and †¦ This means that there exist a unique solution modulo m= and this solution is given by (a1, a2,†¦ ak) = (? ) mod m, Where = m /, and = mod This idea can be proven by these four steps; 1. Set M = 2. Find such that + = 1(this is a Bezou t). 3. Note that = 1 if j 4. Therefore, the solution to the system equation becomes: Mentioned above is the Bezout’s Identity, which is a property in the greatest common divisor (Martin J. Erickson, 2008). The Bezout’s identify states that for any two natural numbers k and m, there exist integers x

The Progress Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Progress Report - Assignment Example Chinese Restaurants are facing direct and indirect competition. So, in order to stay and remain competitive in the market Chinese Restaurants should work on increasing the awareness of their products. In the case of Chopsticks Express, this restaurant is targeting only the small amount of Chinese consumers, who are the students of the State College. My efforts would be to make awareness of the Chinese foods in the market along with highlighting how the local customers could be attracted towards Chinese foods. The role of supervisor has been important for this project and I have been guided by my supervisor throughout the project and this has helped in improving the quality. I have been incorporating the feedback of the supervisor and will continue doing so. After receiving further feedback, the research would continue its steps for the submission of its final draft of proposal. Work Completed I have received the approval and feedback from my instructor about my research. The feedback included instructions of carrying out my research and his instructions have been helpful in improving the work. I have identified that Chinese restaurants are facing some direct competition from the other Asian and American restaurants. The draft proposal of the project was due from 10th June and after modifying my research according to the feedback received I submitted my final proposal in the third week of June with my final topic of Research Information of Chinese Restaurants in State College. My research included analysis of different Chinese restaurants. 13 Asian and 8 Chinese restaurants are located in State College Downtown. Among the Chinese restaurants, Chopsticks Express offers the authentic cuisine of Chinese. Chopsticks express, situated in the center of the state downtown, enjoys the advantage that it could attract more customers apart from the local Chinese customers. I have identified the reason why the restaurant has not been highly successful and the reason is that it does not influence other customers of the region. I figured out that majority of the people do not visit Chopsticks Express because of its unpopularity. When I have researched on it further, I identified the reasons why no one would want to visit a restaurant which does not have a welcoming environment. In the ending days of June I was supposed to work on the demographic part. Demography included the study of population and size. The study included sample size of 800 customers who received questionnaires; these 800 people were those who belonged not only to the area of downtown but also those who visit downtown. The questionnaire was also provided for the managers of the Chinese restaurants operating in the State college downtown. Information and awareness play an important role in marketing of the restaurant. The responses suggested that awareness of Chinese food in US was relatively low and only local customers like Chinese students preferred Chinese cuisine in US. For determi ning the possible solutions for the Chinese restaurants to attract larger number of customers I submitted my recommendations on 30th June. Work to be completed Through this questionnaire I will try to identify the tastes and preferences of the people.I will also appoint interviews with the managers of the Chinese restaurants where I will ask questions related to my study. I want to help Chinese

Social Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Issue - Essay Example This may not seem like a huge number but it is several millions of the reported cases. Majority of the cases go unreported because of shame (especially violence against the man) or threats from the violent spouse. The impact of this increasing domestic violence include: negative effects on the children, can result to homelessness, psychological issues in future, physical health problems, economic impact and in some extreme cases even murder. Majority of the domestically violent relationships have children in the center of them. Children are usually at the receiving end of such issues and it leads to them having trust issues in the future. These children are the future of our country and if they develop trust issues, are in the middle of nasty divorce cases and souse separation, get to see the abuse unfolding in their eyes, they will be destroyed. Some of the children will most likely develop the abuse tendencies in the future starting another round of domestic abuse again, they are also likely to treat the opposite sex in a non-respecting manner as that is the example that was set for them when young as well as fail to lead effectively as they trust nobody. The should aim at door to door campaigns making people open up about their domestic violence as early in the relationship as possible and not fail to due to shame, stigmatization or fear. More is needed in terms of helping the children of such violent relationships as early as possible before the effects mentioned above manifests in them in their future. There should be more stringent actions taken against perpetrators of the violence other than what the law proposes now to discourage such acts in the future (Fall and Howard,

A Meditation on Yellow Summary Essay Example for Free

A Meditation on Yellow Summary Essay 1. Created by: Patricia L. PittSan Fernando East Secondary School, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies   2. Travellers’ Tales   3. Meditation on YellowJennifer Rahim, lecturer in English in theDepartment of Liberal Arts at the University of theWest Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad has describedthis poem as â€Å"a clever, satirical monologue thattraces the evolution of the capitalist ethos in theregion.†She notes that â€Å"Senior evokes the color yellow assymbol of a historical continuum of plunder,enslavement, and servitude that marks theCaribbean’s relations with the developed world,beginning with the conquistadors’ misguided searchfor gold, then the sugar of the colonial plantationeconomy, and finally the trade in sunshine and sandof the contemporary tourist industry. † 4. Meditation on Yellow-Part 1Gabriel Garcia Marquez wrote a novel entitledOne Hundred Years of Solitude. He has statedthat his favourite shade is:â€Å"The yellow of the Caribbean seen fromJamaica at three in the afternoon†¦Ã¢â‚¬ A dominant theme in his One Hundred Yearsof Solitude is the inevitable and inescapablerepetition of history. The protagonists arecontrolled by their pasts and the complexity oftime.Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez also used colours as symbolsin this book. Yellow and gold were the mostfrequently used colours and they weresymbols of imperialism and the SpanishSiglo de Oro. Gold signified a search foreconomic wealth, whereas yellow representeddeath, change, and destruction. 5. Meditation on Yellow-Part 1El Dorado is Spanish for thegolden/gilded one). Legend has itthat it was the name of a Muiscatribal chief who covered himselfwith gold dust and, as an initiationrite, dived into a sacred highlandlake. Later it became the name of alegendary Lost City of Gold thathas fascinated – and so far eluded –explorers since the days of theSpanish Conquistadors. Thoughmany have searched for years onend to find this city of gold, noevidence of such a place has beenfound.El Dorado came to be usedmetaphorically of any place wherewealth could be rapidly acquired. 6. Persona-An Arawak of Jamaicaâ€Å"Had I known I would havebrewed you up some yellow fever-grassand arsenicbut we were peaceful thenchild-like in the yellow dawn of our innocence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Lemon/Fever Grass Fever grass tea Yellow sulphide of arsenic 7. â€Å"a string of islands and two continents†for â€Å"a string of beads and some hawk’s bells†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Usually the word string would be followed by pearls, something of value. In this case however, the Indians received worthless  glass beads and hawk’s bells. 8. â€Å"(you were not the last to be fooled by our patina)†In the Taino culture of the Antilles, aguanà ­n was a badge of triballeadership, worn by the Cacique(chief).It was a mixture of Gold and Bronze,made from flakes of gold extractedfrom rivers; these flakes werepounded with rocks until theymelted together into a small discwhich the Cacique could weararound his neck or some other partof the body.It attracted early European visitors. 9. â€Å"As for silver/I find that metal a bit cold† To bite the bullet is to endure a painful or otherwise unpleasant situation that is seen as unavoidable. 10. Meditation on Yellow-Part 2 Persona –Hotel/Hospitality Worker â€Å"served by me skin burnt black as toast (for which management apologizes)†Ã¢â‚¬Å"At some hotel overlookingthe sea†¦Ã¢â‚¬  11. â€Å"I’ve been slaving†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 12. â€Å"I’ve been slaving†¦ for your†   13. â€Å"Just when I thought I could rest†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Tourism-the new form of colonization and exploitation†¦ 14. â€Å"So I serving them†¦Ã¢â‚¬    15. â€Å"But still they want more†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Sex tourismâ€Å"want it strongwant it longwant it blackwant it greenwant it dread† 16. â€Å"You cannot stop those Streggehs†-loud, promiscuous women in Jamaica Cassia Allamanda Poui Golden Shower 17. â€Å"You cannot reverse Bob Marley wailing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  18. Bibliography for Med on Yellow

Hospitality Management Essay Example for Free

Hospitality Management Essay Introduction The tourism industry is rapidly becoming one of the fastest growing and successful industries, with revenue of recorded 693 million international tourist arrivals in 2001, reported by World Tourism Organization (WTO), nevertheless its definition cannot be agreed on. Youell (1998; pg.9) presents a definition given by WTO in 1993 defining tourism as â€Å"activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure and other purposes.† During the nineteen century, there was a surge of mass tourism due to the advancement of all types of transportation as well as the development of seaside resorts. Society had greater income and more time for leisure (Urry, 2002; pg 16). Although tourism industry continued to grow, there was a shift in the tourism behaviour, WTO justifies this behaviour stating that society had become more aware of the environment and developed the sudden interest in different activities and opportunities involving local culture. Fennel describes alternative tourism as â€Å"small scale†; â€Å"locally-oriented†, tourists became more aware of local communities and with the environment. This theory is supported by WTO adding that consumers are now looking for â€Å"special, high quality, unforgettable experiences in which they can be active participants†. Furthermore it is added that special interest tourism is an extra motivation to tourist interest in engaging in more specific activities. Focusing solely on this topic, the author is to write a report on the grounds of special interest tourism. In order to achieve this, the author has chosen to analyze the surroundings of ecotourism in Amazon, Brazil. Therefore the report should offer the reader, provided with a justification, a sight full reportage based on one only special interest tourism, highlighting its history, size of market, market segmentation and examples of products available for the chosen special interest tourism. A review of models of motivation and tourism motivation enabling a study of different characteristics of the participants in the chosen special interest tourism should be included on the second section the report. The third section provides the reader an evaluation and profile of ecotourism identifying key organizations, agencies, communities, and businesses involved in the development of ecotourism in Brazil. Finally the last section incorporates an appropriate conclusion and recommendation which should include approaches that could provide a greater opportunity for the development and promotion of the ecotourism in the Amazon. Descriptive profile of the Special Interest Tourism activity The author had a chance to consider all options of research and carefully chosen to undertake a research and write a report concerning ecotourism in the Amazon. This topic was chosen as this is a new concept of special interest tourism and is in constant growth. Also this gives the author a chance to inform herself about ecotourism and its significance to the environment. As for the destination, Amazon was chosen because of its size, as it is the biggest tropical rainforest in the world and biggest biodiversity. Ecotourism activities have had a significant growth over the years due to â€Å"consumer concern about the environment† (WTO, 2002). United Nations decided to make 2002 the International Year of Ecotourism, focusing their reason to â€Å"bring together governments, international agencies, NGOs, tourism enterprises, representatives of local and indigenous communities and identify some agreed principles and priorities for the future development and management of ecotour ism† (Butcher, 2007, cited in CNEP/ WTO 2002a:7). Although 2002 was awarded as the International Year of Ecotourism by the United Nations, there is a general uncertainty concerning its history and meaning. Fennel (1995, pg. 25) defines ecotourism relating to nature, stating it is â€Å" a sustainable form of natural, resource-base tourism that focuses primarily on experiencing and learning about nature† connoting that such activity should occur in natural areas, contributing to the preservation of this. Opposing to this, WTO gives an alternative meaning to ecotourism, also based on the grounds of nature as â€Å"form of tourism in which the main motivation of the tourists is the observation and appreciation of nature† (WTO, 2002) Further to this, WTO views ecotourism as a form of tourism with 5 characteristics: 1. Tourists’ motivation should be nature-based involving observation and appreciation of nature as well as  preserving it. 2. It should contain educational features. 3. It should be organized by specialized tour operators for small groups. 4. It should minimize the negative impacts of the environment. 5. It should support the maintenance of natural areas by generating beneficial income to local communities, organisations and authorities responsible for the conservation of ecotourism areas. In contrast to the above definitions, based on nature, the International Ecotourism Society (ITES) offers a more profound meaning relating nature to local communities, â€Å"is responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well being of local people† (ITES). It is agreed that both organisations have the same principles regarding the maintenance of ecotourism areas, where tourists should respect the environment, provide financial benefits and empowerment to local communities. Although there is a general disagreement on the exact meaning of ecotourism, all researchers agree that involves the environment and local communities; however it appears that there is an uncertainty about its origin. Research shows that ecotourism can be traced back to the late 1970s, this supported by Fennel (1999.pg 18) who presents reasonable arguments from studies demonstrating the origin of ecotourism. He describes how ecotourism emerged through tourists searching for environmental travelling surrounding nature and wildlife. In accordance with WTO (2002) ecotourism is a small niche market with a big potential for growth and economic advancement, one that if well managed can be used in conservation and preservation of nature and of the environment. Following their research based on the most popular countries for ecotourism, WTO has identified the market segmentation for ecotourists, which shows that: †¢ The majority is aged between 30 and 50 years old †¢ Mostly women †¢ Preferred activities were wildlife viewing, being in wilderness areas followed by seeing rare species. †¢ The top five preferred destinations for ecotourists were United kingdom, Europe, Africa, Asia and Latin America Estimated as the biggest and richest ecosystems in the world, the state of Amazon in Brazil comprises of nine countries in South America all together, occupying almost half of the whole country. The state of Amazon is approximately 5million square kilometres, home to 200 mammal species, 950 bird species, 2,500 fish species and 300 reptiles’ species, making the Amazon the largest tropical rainforest in the world. In addition, the Amazon River, which cuts right through the state, is the second biggest river in the world after the Nile. Boats and ships are the best way of transportation as the Amazon is covered in forest. Amazon got its name after the Portuguese explorers started expeditions along the river for a lost city known as ‘Eldorado’ in the hope of uncovering a city made of gold, before the British, French and Spanish explorers found it. Eldorado could never be found, but the name remained the same. Amazon is not only the habitat of thousands of species but also home to indigenous tribes who live off the land just like their ancestors did depending on the ecosystem for their food, shelter and livelihoods. Although ecotourism is a new concept, it is rapidly becoming a fast growing economic factor in the Amazon as it attracts major tourists for its attractions. On the other hand, it is also in danger due to deforestation, logging and forest cleaning, which presents a threat to the Amazon (www.amazon-rainforest.org). As a form of special interest tourism, it is important to have products available for this, which represents the nature preserving its natural habitat. With this in mind, there are many activities disposable for tourism as ecotourism is growing in the Amazon (www.embratur.gov.br). With the growth of ecotourism in the Amazon, many ecological crosswalks activities are provided to tourists wanting contact with the largest biodiversity of the world. The National Park of Pico da Neblina and the national Park of Jaà º are two of the most popular locations for crosswalks in the Amazon (www.embratur.gov.br). Another popular product available to tourists is cave tourism otherwise known as espeleotourism, consisting of exploring the inside of caves and studying their formations. Within the Amazon, Mato Grosso is the most visited cave  (www.embratur.gov.br). Floatation is an additional form of ecotourism activity, consisting of light diving with the use of a snorkel and a mask allowing the diver to be enchanted by the beauty underneath the water. Mato Grosso is the most popular and sought after location for this in the State of Amazon. Fauna watching is popular for those mostly interested in wildlife. National Parks in the Amazon grants visitors with thousands of different species, experiencing nature at its best. Bird watching has become reasonably popular to numerous tourists who travel specifically to Amazon for its biodiversity in search of all types of endangered species. Considered as the most sophisticated city on the planet and an important location for ecological tourism, Manaus the capital of Amazon forest is home to almost 1.5 million inhabitants. The city attracts tourists for its natural beauty, ecological parks and a diverse of over 15 attractions (www.embratur.gov.br). These include: âž ¢ Paricatuba Waterfall located in the bank of Negro river formed by sediment and surrounded by vegetation. âž ¢ Love cascade situated at Guedes bayou and filled with cold and crystal clear water. âž ¢ Parque do Mindà º, one of the last resorts housing endangered species. âž ¢ Grove of the National Research Institute of Amazonia (INPA) âž ¢ Zoo of the Forest War Instruction Center (CIGS) which house 300 species of animals, among monkeys, jaguars, ariranhas (Brazilian otters), snakes, alligators, macaws, tapirs and land turtles. âž ¢ Tupà © Beach whose only access is by riverboat It is clear that tourists travel to Brazil for its raw beauty, especially to Amazon which is rich in biodiversity. Ecobrasil has published statistics on international ecotourism to which shows that 39% of tourists visit Brazil for its natural beauty, this being their main motivation for doing so, while 7% visit Amazon as their main source for ecotourism (www.ecobrasil.org.br). Ecobrasil has also demonstrated results carried by Embratur Domestic market study carried in 2005/2006 in which shows that 6% of tourists view ecotourism as a motivation for travel, confirming that only four million tourists are interested in ecotourism. Profile of the evidence of the motivation and satisfaction of SIT Above the author mentioned the statistics for tourists that visit Brazil and their motivation for such. However some researchers have identified other motives for motivation which explain reasons to choose a specific ecotourism location. Maslow generated a hierarchy of needs based on what motivates individuals when deciding where to go on holidays and what activities to pursue. This hierarchy of needs is based on a series of levels, starting on the lowest level and terminating on the upper level once all levels of achievement are satisfied. The hierarchy of needs is displayed as a pyramid and at the lowest level, this for physiological needs, where individuals have the needs to satisfy their most basic needs such as eating and clothing. Once this need is achieved, Maslow identifies the individuals desire to carry on achieving the remaining needs until all levels of the pyramid are satisfied (Mullins, 2007, p.258). On the contrary to this view, Ryan (1997) has argued that the tourist behaviour is behind the motivation of the traveller leading to a certain type of holidays, focusing on the social motivation rather than needs. He identifies how two tourists from different backgrounds can have different attitudes to holidays but have similar motivation for such stating â€Å"both sets of behaviour arise from the need to be with others†. Ryan also recognizes theoretical models of motivation by classifying theories and their researchers. One of these the concept identified by Pearce who argued travel motivation through the concept of travel career ladder, this corresponding to â€Å"learning through tourist experience† (Ryan, 1997, p.37). The travel career ladder is characterised by different forms of motivations, with relaxation at the bottom of the ladder, followed by stimulation, relationship, self-esteem and development and fulfilment, and it should be by order of travel experience, the more experience they are, more interest they start developing and their motivation to travel start to increase. This meaning that a tourist on their first holiday is looking for relaxation however the more they travel, motivation starts to change as they become more concerned with learning about history and culture, and in time, the tourists will rich the upper level of the ladder, searching to get more involved in the province (Ryan, 1997). Other analyses have emerged with the expectancy of encountering tourists’ motivation for choosing this type of special interest tourism. Thus Hall and Weiler (1992) have identified researchers who have studied motivations for specific special interest tourism. Hall and Weiler (1992) have identified research made by Crompton in which he noted that tourist were in a cultural and educational travel motivations. This can be said it is closed linked to what was later interpreted by Read (1980) in which he admits what motivates tourists is the need for authenticity and uniqueness as well as educational. With this he emerged with the idea of REAL tourism, translating that travelling should be rewarding, enriching, adventuresome and a learning experience for the tourist. Hall and Weiler have created a table identifying tourists motivations associated with the specific special interest tourism and they have concluded that tourists may have various motivators related to the special interest activity. Therefore, it is said that the motivations for the participants in ecotourism are apart from learning is to be in contact with the nature or indigenous civilians. A further argument into the motivations of tourists has emerged, as Page and Dowling (2002) presented two sides of ecotourism: hard and soft tourism. Hard tourism refers when the participant are environmentalist who take sustainability quite serious and is purely interest in the nature and being in contact with the wilderness, taking a prolonged trip in almost undisturbed location, while soft tourism refers to tourists in short term trip, have little contact with nature and are not strongly committed environmentalists. However, motivations are not the only factors tourists take into account when deciding on the special interest tourism. The type of product and expertise by those involved promoting this specific special interest tourism. Hall and Weiler (2002) argue that experienced professionals play an important role on the tourists’ selection of destination. Professionals such as Specialty Travel Index offer a multitude of travel opportunities worldwide (http://www.spectrav.com/index.shtml). Evaluation of the development of a named SIT within an identified destination area Butcher (2007) views community participation as an important step to the development of ecotourism, as decisions made concerning ecotourism affects the community and their lives. Butcher adds that this initiative is also supported by World Wide Fund for nature (WWF) in which they state communities should have a high level of control on the development of ecotourism. Additionally communities should be intensely in all decision-making concerning the growth of the landscape â€Å" tourism should therefore respect and value local knowledge and experience, maximise benefits to communities, and recruit, train and employ local people at all levels (Butcher, p.67). Ecotourism should be beneficent local communities, conservation of the environment and provide financial contribution to the upkeep of a conservation project. In addition local communities’ involvement in the development of ecotourism â€Å"improves the tourist experience† (Page and Dowling, 2002). Alternative Travel Group (ATL) is an example of the above, in which they work effectively with local communities. Founded in 1979 is an organisation based upon sustainability http://www.atg-oxford.co.uk/index.php) ATL collaborates with local communities, listening and acting on what was suggested. This allows communities to express their concern about the conservation of their habitat (http://www.atg-oxford.co.uk/index.php). Profits go towards construction of infrastructures and conservation projects in the most necessitated areas. They incentive individuals to present their ideas and providing they are sustainable to which they can invest on. Hence they have various projects ongoing worldwide which benefit local communities and preserve the environment (http://www.atg-oxford.co.uk/index.php). It is not only local communities that play a vital role in the making and development of ecotourism, many organisations, agencies and small businesses have an important and constant involvement in the successful and promoting of this growing form of special interest tourism. World Wide Fund for nature (WWF) is the largest non-governmental organisation in the world. Based in over fifty-two offices and active in over ninety countries, it has over five million supporters worldwide, many volunteers (Butcher, p. 42). WWF has three main missions that represent their work: safeguarding the natural world, tackling climate change and changing the way residents live. Consequently they have generated a program designed to protect the environment. Amongst other projects, WWF is working in ensuring the ecosystem in the Amazon maintains its environmental and cultural contribution to local people (http://www.wwf.org.uk/). WWF main objectives regarding the Amazon as a whole are: âž ¢ Tackling deforestation âž ¢ Encouraging responsible agriculture and production âž ¢ Helping create protected forest âž ¢ Ensuring free-flowing rivers and forest-friendly roads Moreover WWF has enlisted the help of Sky TV in promoting the safeguarding of rainforest in Amazon. Both work with local communities offering them with economical help to look after millions of hectares of forest, combating illegal logging and forest deforestation (http://www.wwf.org.uk/). Additionally WWF closely works with two UN bodies, International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). WWF has written guidelines highlighting a community-based ecotourism in which the organisation directly works with communities in conserving and preserving the environment and provide advice on how to deal with issues surrounding their landscape. One of their project is based in Manaus, capital of Amazon, a community –based initiative, the Silves Association for Environmental and Cultural Preservation, this aims at protecting the fishing lakes at this site. On top pf this, WWF opened an ecolodge in the same region run by local people, 20% of all profits go towards the management of preservation of the site. In addition, WWF has created a programme in Brazil solely based on raising awareness about forms of ecotourism that should be practiced based on its principles (http://www.icrtourism.org/Publications/WWF1eng.pdf). The international ecotourism society (TIES) is a non-governmental organisation funded in 1990 with the objectives of aiding the development of ecotourism, helping communities, organisations to promote and practice the principles of ecotourism. TIES have clear aims concerning ecotourism which consists of bringing together individuals, institutions and tourism industries in the interest of ecotourism, educating tourist and professionals on ecotourism and influencing organisations on practicing all principles regarding ecotourism. Working in partnership with other NGOs such as Planeterra and yourtravelchoice.org, all three organisations provide tourists with opportunities to get involved in ecotourism activities, help local communities, work together in inform tourists on how to conserve the nature. Furthermore, they offer their own input on eco-destinations, allowing individuals to get some relevant information on ecotourism and its issues (www.ecotourism.org) Although Planeterra is more involved with community, they still remain concerned with the environment. This non-governmental organisation organises community based projects worldwide in order to help local people live in a more environmental safe surroundings (http://www.planeterra.org/). The Brazilian Ecotourism and Adventure Travel Trade Association (ABETA) is an association that closely works on the development of ecotourism activities in Brazil. Their goal is to promote the conservation and preservation of Brazil’s cultural and historical heritage (http://www.brazilnature.travel/index.php). ABETA promotes amongst adventure tourism, ecotourism activities such as bird watching, caving, safari and wildlife. Thus in partnership with the Tourism ministry, Brazilian tourism board (Embratur) and BBECO which is administered by ABETA, all have the same common aspiration: promote Brazil as one of the top destinations for ecotourism while keeping it environmentally safe (http://www.brazilnature.travel/index.php). Embratur, a Brazilian Tourism Board is an organisation responsible for providing policies in tourism related activities, including ecotourism activities such as hiking, cave tourism, floatation, bird watching and fauna watching (www.embratur.gov.br) Ecobrasil, a Brazilian ecotourism Association  is a NGO founded in 1993 whose primarily focus is on ecotourism. Whilst incorporate a clear mission in which they want to promote Brazil as a â€Å"reliable destination for ecotourism†, their vision is to â€Å"forward ecotourism and sustainable tourism through building knowledge networks and participate in and/or develop projects that helped advance the knowledge about good ecotourism practices and planning in Brazil†. Hence their objectives is to create a network of data solely on ecotourism, commitment in minimising the impact of tourism on the environment, acknowledge statistics on ecotourism and represent ecotourism on a worldwide level (www.ecobrasil.org.br). Proecotur Programa de Desenvolvimento do Ecoturismo na Amazà ´nia Legal (programme of ecotourism development at the Legal Amazon) recognises that ecotourism has a huge potential to be converted into the biggest source of income on the Amazon, predicting up to three million ecotourist annually. Therefore they have generated new strategies to guarantee that Amazon becomes the most popular state for ecotourism. They believe the creation of a sustainable environment does not require greater investments, rather intelligent strategies for transportation. With this to attract tourists they agree that there is a need for improvement in the transportation and improvement of the quality of services available to tourists plus there should be a cre ation of more sustainable products (http://www.faunabrasil.com.br). Conclusion Although tourism is not a new concept, ecotourism is. This emerged with the individuals growing concern with the environment. There is a general disagreement when defining ecotourism but many researchers and organisations agree that is a form of activity in which participants want to be in touch with the nature and with the environment and this should follow principles set by organisations for the safekeeping of the environment and also benefiting local communities. Various researchers have attempted to clarify the motivations for tourist choice of destinations and specials type of interest, and with this it was concluded that none could have a general agreement on these except that  tourist could have common attitude when selecting destinations. They could be educational and cultural; however the idea of tourist wanting new, unique and untouched surroundings gave away to the new concept of Real travel: rewarding, enriching, adventuresome and learning. Ecotourism is a growing and prosperous form of special interest tourism and the activities incorporated for this are increasingly generating income to those involved in promoting ecotourism and to local communities who should be involved in the decision-making concerning the development of ecotourism. The author during the research into organisations involved in the promotion of ecotourism has come across the fact that most organisations are non-governmental organisations that depend on volunteers. Also the majority of these organisations are interrelated having common objectives when it comes to ecotourism: promoting all ecotourism activities, safeguarding the environment and preserving the nature. Recommendations Although organisations are interlinked with one another, it appears that it is not enough, as the market segmentation show, only a certain type of individuals practice ecotourism and ecotourism related activities. Brazil is popular with tourist for its beauty therefore NGOs, agencies and business should do more to promote ecotourism in Brazil, speciality in Amazon, which is a huge area with a lot to offer to all types of tourists. Hence all organisations should work together not only in the safeguarding of the environment but advertise Brazil as the best country for ecotourism, enhancing its beauty and reasons to visit as well as promoting ecotourism activities in a way that appeals to all age groups and gender. Additionally NGOs, agencies and business should stress the need to practice the imposed regulations in protected areas in order to preserve the nature for tomorrow. Another recommendation would be to look how other forms of special interest tourism could be useful in providing aid in the development of ecotourism. An example of this would be religious tourism. For this type of special  interest tourism there is an online religious organisation which incentives spiritualists to include faith in their living. They relate religion and faith with the environment believing that there are simple steps that individuals could do to help recreate the earth preserving the environment, it also emphasises the need to care for nature. Therefore this initiative could be adopted in order to lure tourists into caring and investing more in ecotourism. Words: 4,017 References: †¢ Abeta (2008) Brazil: land of nature and adventure. [Internet], Brazil, Available from: http://www.brazilnature.travel/index.php [Accessed 30 November]. †¢ Amazon rain forest (2004) Save the Amazon rainforest [Internet]. Available from: http://www.amazon-rainforest.org/ [Accessed 2nd December 2009]. †¢ ATG Oxford (1979) ATG: Quality value [Internet], Oxford, Available from : http://www.atg-oxford.co.uk/index.php [Accessed 3rd December 2009]. †¢ Butcher, J. ed (2007) Ecotourism, NGOs and development: a critical analysis. Oxon, Routledge. †¢ Fauna Brasil (2005) O portal da fauna brasileira. [Internet], Brazil, Available from: http://www.faunabrasil.com.br/sistema/ [ Accessed 13 December 2009]. †¢ Fennell, D. (1999) Ecotourism.2ed. Oxon, Routledge. †¢ Instituto Ecobrasil (1993) Instituto Ecobrasil: ecoturism-turismo sustentavel [Internet], Brazil. Available from: www.ecobrasil.org.br [Accessed 2nd December 2009]. †¢ Ministerio do turismo (2005) Brasil [Internet], Brazil, Available from: http://www.embratur.gov.br/site/gb/home/index.php [Accessed 2nd December 2009]. †¢ Mullins, L. (2007) Management and Organisational Behaviour.8ed. England, Pearce Education Limited. †¢ Page, S.J Dowling, R. Ed (2002) Ecotourism. Essex, Pearson Education Limited †¢ Planeterra (2003) Planeterra. [Internet],Available from: http://www.planeterra.org/ [Accessed 27 November 2009]. †¢ Specialty Travel Index (1980) Adventure Special Interest Travel [Internet], San Anselmo, Available from: http://www.spectrav.com/index.shtml [Accessed 2nd December 2009]. †¢ The International Ecotourism Society (1990) International Ecotourism Society. Washington. Available from: http://www.ecotourism.org/site/c.orLQKXPCLmF/b.4832143/k.BD87/Home.htm [Accessed 27 September 2009]. †¢ Urry, J. (2002) The Tourist gaze.2ed. London, Sage Publications LTD. †¢ Youell, R. (1998) Tourism: an introduction.2ed.Essex, Addison Wesley Longman Limited. †¢ Weiler, B Hall, C.M, Ed (1992) Special Interest tourism. London, Belhaven Press. †¢ World Tourism Organisation (2002) World overview tourism topics. Madrid, world tourism organisation. †¢ WWF (1961) WWF for a living planet [Internet], Surrey, Available from: http://www.wwf.org.uk/ [Accessed 3rd December 2009]. †¢ WWF (2001) Guidelines for Community-based ecotourism development. WWF International.

Top 10 Most Beautiful places in Hawaii

Top 10 Most Beautiful places in Hawaii

A Future Conservation Officer: Battling Physical Challenges :: Personal Narrative Career Essays

A Future Conservation Officer: Battling Physical Challenges The career that I would like to achieve is the one that I have dream of since my dad inspired me as a little boy. I have always wanted to be a conservation officer for northern Michigan. A conservation officer must be able to perform all the tasks set before him. Some of these are enforcing fish and wildlife laws, patrolling and protecting parks and forests, and maintaining the environment. For me as a dyslexic this makes learning and mean tanning a professional standard in the job field hard. This not only poses a physical challenge, it header’s my outlook on life. I not only see thing a different way also learn thing in a different way. For me I am an auditory, hands on learner. As conservation officer they should also be able communicate verbally and nonverbally with people and deal with high levels of pressure. In order for a conservation officer to be successful, that why I am here at like state delaying with my physical handicap. To reach these dreams here at lake state the computer technology is off the chats I have an hp laptop that I have software that I can read to me called read please and I can read to my computer with dragon. I also have a scanning pen that works great for homework and notes. I also got a digital tape recorder that will link to my computer and I can convent that in to typed later notes. The ORSC can get any and all books on tap for me and I can lessen to him instead of reading them with all the technology I can archive my goals her at lake state. I interviewed Casey Elliot from the Shiawasse Conservation Office. In his short time there, he said that he had learned that it was important to volunteer your time as a student. He graduated from Central Michigan University two years a go. He told me that prospective employers looked at his graduation records and if he had spent any time as a volunteer while attending college it would have helped his job chances. He talked a little about his job and what he does. He really does not have a typical day, but some days he walking farm fields to make sure that farmers are farming the land they claim to be farming. A Future Conservation Officer: Battling Physical Challenges :: Personal Narrative Career Essays A Future Conservation Officer: Battling Physical Challenges The career that I would like to achieve is the one that I have dream of since my dad inspired me as a little boy. I have always wanted to be a conservation officer for northern Michigan. A conservation officer must be able to perform all the tasks set before him. Some of these are enforcing fish and wildlife laws, patrolling and protecting parks and forests, and maintaining the environment. For me as a dyslexic this makes learning and mean tanning a professional standard in the job field hard. This not only poses a physical challenge, it header’s my outlook on life. I not only see thing a different way also learn thing in a different way. For me I am an auditory, hands on learner. As conservation officer they should also be able communicate verbally and nonverbally with people and deal with high levels of pressure. In order for a conservation officer to be successful, that why I am here at like state delaying with my physical handicap. To reach these dreams here at lake state the computer technology is off the chats I have an hp laptop that I have software that I can read to me called read please and I can read to my computer with dragon. I also have a scanning pen that works great for homework and notes. I also got a digital tape recorder that will link to my computer and I can convent that in to typed later notes. The ORSC can get any and all books on tap for me and I can lessen to him instead of reading them with all the technology I can archive my goals her at lake state. I interviewed Casey Elliot from the Shiawasse Conservation Office. In his short time there, he said that he had learned that it was important to volunteer your time as a student. He graduated from Central Michigan University two years a go. He told me that prospective employers looked at his graduation records and if he had spent any time as a volunteer while attending college it would have helped his job chances. He talked a little about his job and what he does. He really does not have a typical day, but some days he walking farm fields to make sure that farmers are farming the land they claim to be farming.

The Clarification Project :: essays research papers

I read two articles that were very contrasting on the ideas of Greek letter societies, better known as Greek Life. The first article was titled, â€Å"University Announces Ban on Fraternities and Sororities† from the Metropolitan Desk, and the second was titled, â€Å"For Some Women at Harvard, Greek Is a Scream† from the Style Desk. One was about banning Greek Life, and the other about how Greek Life can be a positive for social life at Harvard University.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"University Announces Ban on Fraternities and Sororities,† Alfred University argued that deaths, drinking problems, and low grades all resulted from Greek housing. To better the learning environment at the school, trustees of the school voted to ban fraternities and sororities. They think that this change won’t have much affect on the campus since Greek interest has gone down 30% from the 1960’s. I think this decision to take away fraternities and sororities is not going to solve anything. People coming to college are forced into a new environment. They are learning about themselves, and sometimes they turn to alcohol to help them cope with the changes. With or without fraternities, they would party and get bad grades as a result of the drinking. Taking away fraternities doesn’t do any good, because the students will revolt by making secret clubs which will be much worst since the university has no control over these. So my ques tions are, now that they have banned Greek letter societies, has the school noticed a change? And is this change good or bad? And has there been any secret underground societies been made as a result of this change?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The argument to this side comes from â€Å"For Some Women at Harvard, Greek Is a Scream.† At Harvard University, they are finding that women are joining sororities more for social reasons. But the social agendas do not include going to bars or partying, instead, they consist of kickball tournaments, pajama parties, apple-picking trips, or outings to Finagle a Bagel and Au Bon Pain. And these sororities aren’t about leaving people out, but instead focus on welcoming women who want to join to be a part of them. The actual funny part is, that while the sororities are strive to be charitable and positive, there are groups that offer the party and exclusive side that normally comes to mind when describing sororities. These groups are the women-only private clubs.

Russian Revolution :: Russian Russia History

Russian Revolution Between 1861 and 1917, Russian society had undergone many changes. It is safe to say that every aspect of that society had been some how modified. These changes led up to the Bolshevik revolution in November of 1917. Given the nature of Russian society, was the Bolshevik revolution unavoidable? Among the changes Russian society had undergone, one starts off the whole chain of events. This was the emancipation of the serfs, in 1861, by Czar Alexander. The emancipation freed 44 million peasants. The Czar knew that the only way to end the discontent of the serfs and to show that Russia too was a modern society would be to let them free. The Edict of Emancipation caused many problems these uneducated peasants. The land now assigned to them was smaller then the plots they were using as serfs. This was an average of 8 acres. There was also a forty-nine year period over which installments could be paid before the peasants were given full ownership of the land. In fact many peasants were still working for their landlords after the edict. Because of his efforts Alexander was nicknamed "the liberator". Despite giving the serfs their freedom, Alexander's actions cause more problems then they solved. After the unification of Germany between 1861 and 1891, which accelerated it's military and political power, Russia too felt it should industrialize. A man named Sergei Witte, who was Minister of Finance from 1892-1903, almost single-handedly pushed Russia into its industrialization. He knew that Russia needed something to start her on the road to industrialization. Witte's efforts made industrial advances from 1892 to 1910. Between 1880 and 1914, Russia had a growth rate of 3.5%. This would have surely brought Russian higher in the rank of industrial and economical world powers. It was said that all Russia needs is 20 years of peace, without war and she will not be in risk of revolution. Unfortunately, the statement was ignored and in 1904, Russia commenced a yearlong war with Japan. The Czar's ministers had assured him that the war with Japan would be an easy victory. In fact Russia suffered a devastating defeat. This leads to the revolution of 1905. Along with industrialization, Russia needed to educate the population. A large majority of the population was illiterate, and factories were looking for more skilled workers. The education of the people led to the growing popularity of several anti-Czarist groups.

Managing User Accounts In Linux Essay

Linux’s most notable advantage over other operating systems such as Windows and Mac is security and in order for a user to modify critical components of the system, such as user accounts, is to have access rights of a ROOT. The root is at the top level of Linux’s user hierarchy and has all the privileges to access all resources. To login as root, a user must use the command su username. After pressing the ENTER key, the system will prompt the user to type in the corresponding password. After entering the correct password, the user will inherit full access privileges including the right to modify other user’s account information. Attempting to enter the correct password will deny the user from inheriting the root’s privileges. # su – [screenshot] Let us now attempt to create a new user called ‘bozo’. But first, let us check if that username is not yet taken. # id bozo [screenshot] Since username bozo is still available we can now create his user account. # useradd bozo -d /home/bozo -u 600 We have just created a username called bozo and makes his default folder under /home/bozo and gave him the UID of 600. by the way, UID’s are unique identifiers of users. Users can be a representation of both human users and services running in the Linux system. UID’s are used by Linux in relation to his password and privilege information stored in the /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow and /etc/group. One of the very first thing Linux does when creating a new user is to copy the files from the skeleton folder, which contains whatever files the admin wants to give to new users, into the newly created user’s folder. Now, let us try to take a look at those files by displaying a detailed listing of files including hidden ones. # ls –la /home/skel/ So far so good. Now let us try creating another user and call her bozoette. # useradd bozo -d /home/bozo -u 600 We had an error. As stated earlier, UID’s are unique. Since we attempted to create a user and assigned the same UID with bozo, the system denied our request. But what if we do want give bozoete the UID #600? One of the many ways to do it is to first change bozo’s UID, say 601 and then create bozoette’s user account using the newly-vacant UID of 600. Change bozo’s UID from 600 to 601. # id bozo # usermod -u 601 bozo # id bozo Then create bozoette’s new account with UID 600. # useradd bozoette -d /home/bozoette -u 600 Now we have two new users bozo(uid:601) and bozoette(uid:600) with user directories /home/bozo and /home/bozoette, respectively. Note that user accounts remain inactive until a password is assigned to them. Let us now activate the two new user accounts by assigning passwords to them. # passwd bozo # passwd bozoette Users bozo and bozoette are now active and users can now login to the system using the correct username and password combinations for the accounts. REFERENCES Linux Headquarters. Adduser: Adding A New User. Advanced Horizons. Linux Users. Mario P. Free November 28, 2007. Tutorial @HowTo. fm. Command Line User Management. Notaras, George. 6 November 2005. G-Loaded! User management from the command line

Mba, Human Resources, Finance, Accounting

Head Off fruitcake-skating rink 184 186 188 Nguyen Dinh chieu St, ward 06, Dist. 03, HCMC, Vietnam Tel (84. 8) 930 0358 Fax (84. 8) 930 5206 www. vina take out. com. vn twelvemonthly Report 2007 message Vision and Mission Statements chairmans Message somatic pen Corpo drift evokeion caution Reporting Structure advance of concern carte of managing handlers 03 04 10 16 18 22 24 command direction Corpo ordinate judicature Risk prudence teleph ace circuit app posit Investor traffic Community Activities Financial contents 26 30 34 36 54 56 58 this is WHO WE be VISIONVina take out im classify be the fastest and sustain open growth salutary dairy farm farm farm farm f out gain farm and aliment for thought comp altogether by grammatical construction a vast-run competitory advant older w be portfolio crossways the scale. MISSION Vina take out twistings to continue its existing geographical c everywhereage and convergence portfolios to hold o pen its sustainably ascendent state of affairs in the topical anaesthetic foodstuff and maximizing its percentage fancyer get. chaIrWOMaNS MeSSage V ina take out is the atomic number 82 dairy & boozing comp all and excessively nonpargonil of the 5 largest companies in term of grocery store place place transport place cap listed in Vietnam. The blur Vina draw, with its consider equal to(p) marketplaceplace serving and smirch, has g unrivaled into consumers mind. Vina draws feel mathematical carre quaterns atomic number 18 intentional to saying the community a healthy and scenic life. Despite the difficult category of 2007 such(prenominal)(prenominal) as ii-digit inflation, inputs like draw powderise and sugar rapidly revision magnitude in equipment casualty, and severe competition with import harvest-feasts, Vina draw windlessness kept its knock-d admit(prenominal) growth, ensuring sh argonholders profits. Earning per shargon (EPS) of the social class was VND5,607/sh argon, make upd by 35% as comp bed to that of 2006 (VND4,150/ grant).The social club has been firmly revising its personal mental strain of reference point strategies and trade activities with its gross gross taxation aggroup cosmos donj championd by youthful tools and trained with prouder professionalism for its sustainable long-term victimization. The company continues building parvenue dairy factories and expanding the existing ones in rouse notwithstanding, Da Nang and Hanoi, as surface as movement with the dairy develop bewilders. In accompaniment to the aboriginal transaction, Vinamilk keep seeking opportunities for orthogonal investment to maximize profits and amplify societys sh beholder note value.Financial leave alones The bon tons turn everywhere and profit corroborate been steadily increasing during the four sequential courses since its equitization in 2003. The pursuits ar the primary figures of 2007 a nd 2006 In VND zillion profits receipts Profit afterwards tax 2007 6,649 963 2006 6,246 660 % annex/ (decrease) 6. 5% 46% Besides the study exportation market of Iraq, the attach to focuses on streng whereforeing the movement of its returns in mod-fangled(prenominal) countries like Cambodia, the U. S, Philippines etc. Dividends Given the favorable results for 2007, the board recommends for sh areholders approval a perfect dividened for the year of VND 2. 00 per VND 10. 000 par-value share (equivalent to 29% on share par-value). This is a 52. 6% annex everywhere last years normal after-tax dividend of VND1,900 per share. This marks the fourth year on accession in the wages of the normal dividends to shareholders 2004 15% 2005 17% 2006 19% and 2007 29% as proposed and eminentlights the confederations sustainable growth. Vinamilk has the fiscal, human re rootage strengths and all oer 30 long time of exprerience to achieve the cheering growth in line with it s pile and mission. Vinamilk commits to provide healthy products to achieve a comely lifestyle for our community.Vinamilk excessively toughenedly recollects in increasing our shareholder value by dint of growth. Barring unforeseen chance, it is the wags intention to maintain the after-tax dividend at not less than the normal after-tax dividend of the preceding year. However, in any given year, the secular payout will need to take into write up the friendships consolidated lucre outlook and plans for new investments to gibe connections sustainable growth. Overseas itemisation Plan Vinamilk is downstairs consultancy and roleplaying with applicable agencies to be listed in capital of Singapore well-worn Exchange (SGX) in 2008 with a new issue of 5% of its existing share capital.This overseas listing shall land Vinamilk into valet-wide market, aligning with the top food & beverage groups in the region. This is considered an initial step to raise capital from wo rld-wide monetary market for the Companys expanding strategies. With this listing solution in international market, Vinamilk has been, step-by-step, applying standards, unified regime as requested SGX and new(prenominal) international oecumenically accepted principles and practices, which provide soaked assurance of its good financial steering and transparency. cknowledgements On behalf of Vinamilk, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to our customers, our channel take upners and government agencies for their rely and support, which give evidentiary contribution to Vinamilk s hard and sustainable conquest . I longing you all success in work and in moving in, and hope to expand our co surgical procedure. I would like to thank to to a greater achievement than 4,000 Vinamilk employees for your potent contribution, and I hope that you will strengthen your major power to lead Vinamilk to to a greater extent than success in the coming(prenominal).With good slaying from previous days, I untroubledly entrust that Vinamilk will continue its inviolable and sustainable growth in the pastime eld. The Company has been putting newly completed and expand projects in use and diversifying our product portfolios to accomplish all reasonable customers involve and simultaneously to change magnitude more and more for Vinamilk shareholder value. Ho qi Minh urban center, 15th March 2008 MaI KIeU short temper Chairwoman ENJOY LIFE Corporate Profile 10 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 11 cOrPOrate visibleness Significant events in our business are mold out below 1976 .Our Company was founded Company, a under the elevate of southern coffee berry- dairy farm hyponym of the general diet restrainorate and had vi factories in movement, to wit lash Nhat dairy Factory, Truong barely dairy farm Factory, Dielac Factory, Bien Hoa chocolate Factory, Bich khi Powder Factory and Lubico. 1978 . The instruction of our Company was transfe rred to the Ministry of Food Industry and our Company was renamed united endeavours of take out hot chocolate Cookies and Candies I. 1988 .. Introduced powderise milk and ce real(a) with milk powder at the inaugural time in Vietnam. 991 . Launched UHT milk and smooch yoghourt to Vietnam market. 1992 . The united Enterprises of draw Coffee Cookies and Candies I was officially renamed Vietnam dairy Company and came under the direct prudence of the Ministry of Light Industry. We started counseling on the manufacturing and processing of dairy products. 1994 . Hanoi Dairy Factory was make in intricacy and market Hanoi as voice of our Companys breeding scheme to cater to the market in the Yankee region of Vietnam. 12 A n n u a l R e p o r t 0 0 7 1996 . Binh Dinh Dairy deprecative point jeopardize Enterprise was founded as the result of our occasion venture with Dong Lanh Quy Nhon vocalise rakehell Company. This correlative venture enabled our Company to boomin gly gain access to the market in the center of attention region of Vietnam. 2005 .. Entered into a formulate venture agreement with SABMiller Asia B. V. and established SABMiller Vietnam Joint Venture Company Ltd. in rarified 2005. Our first joint venture product, Zorok, was similarly shewed in the first half of 2007. 2000 . CanTho Dairy Factory, which 2006 .. Vinamilk 50. 01% was listed on the HOSE on 19 January 2006 with the SCIC memory round of our Companys shareholdings. Opened An Khang Clinic in Ho chi Minh urban center in June 2006. This is the first clinic in Vietnam managed by a sophisticated electronic management system. The clinic straitss a diverse strand of ser evils such as nutritionary consulting, gynecology testing, pediatrics consulting and health screening. is fixed in Tra Noc industrial Zone, Can Tho City was built to repair sate the demands of consumers in the Mekong Delta.In the kindred year, we set up the Logistics and Warehouse Enterprise place d in 32 Dang Van Bi St. , Ho ki Minh City. 2003 . Was semi eggly converted into a joint stock company in celestial latitude 2003 and changed its name to Vietnam Dairy Products Joint air Company to reflect its change in status. 2004 . Acquired Saigon draw Joint Stock Company. Increased capital to VND 1,590 one thousand thousand Commenced our dairy cow farms program with the acquisition of Tuyen Quang dairy farm, a small scale farm with 1,400 heads of cattle in November hare 2005 .. Bought over partners in our Binh joint Dinh 2006. The Tuyen Quang dairy farm was operating(a) at the time of acquisition. venture remaining shareholdings Dairy Products Company Ltd (as Binh Dinh Dairy Factory was then known) and inaugurated Nghe An Dairy Factory, located in Cua Lo industrial Zone, Nghe An province, on 30 June 2005. 2007. Acquired a 55% interest in break away intelligence milk Company Ltd. in kinsfolk 2007, located in Le Mon Industrial Zone, Thanh Hoa province. 13 cOrPOrate PrOFILe aWarDS aND accOLaDeSOur Company, our factories, our products and the Vinamilk mail, as the case whitethorn be, endure veritable a lot of mete outs, some of which are Date/Period 1985 1991 1996 2000 2001 2005 2005 2006 Each year from 1995 2007 award proletariat Medal of tierce Ranking fatigue Medal of sulphur Ranking Labour Medal of premiere Ranking Hero of Labour Labour Medal of Third Ranking freedom Medal of Third Ranking Labour Medal of Third Ranking unconditional Cup for Vietnamese goods of extravagantly flavour and prestige Top marque in the Top Ten High-quality Vietnamese Goods accolade billet chair of Vietnam chairwoman of Vietnam President of Vietnam President of Vietnam President of Vietnam President of Vietnam President of Vietnam Intellectual airscrew necktie and Association of Small & Medium Enterprises, Vietnam Saigon grappleing theme readers choice In recognition of her long term contributions to the evolution of the Vietnamese dairy patience and the development of Vietnam, our Chairwoman, Madam Mai Kieu Lien, was awarded the following prestigious awards and titles Date/Period 2001 2005 2005 2006 award Labour palm tree of Second be First Prize for Creativity stratum 2004 Hero of Labour Labour medal of First ranking awarding authority President of Vietnam adult male Intellectual Property Organisation President of Vietnam President of Vietnam 14 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 cOrPOrate StrUctUreVIetNaM dairy farm PrODUctS JOINt well-worn cOMPaNY degree centigrade% 100% 55% 50% INterNatIONaL reaL terra firma VIetNaM DaIrY cOW LaM countersign DaIrY SaBMILLer JV 16 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 expatiate of our subsidiaries and joint venture as at 31 celestial latitude 2007 are as follows Name Date / country of nativeisation Principal championship Share capital % owned multinational Real kingdom 12 celestial latitude 2006 / Vietnam Ho employ business, real estate brokerage and leasing, warehouse and dog lea sing VND160 billion 100% Vietnam Dairy browbeat 14 declination 2006 / Vietnam Breeding of dairy cow, mixed cultivation and breeding, sale and corrupt of alive animals VND100 billion 100% Lam Son Dairy 6 February 2007 / Vietnam turnout and trade of canned milk, disintegrate milk and new(prenominal)(a) dairy products, baby food, cake, soy milk, beverages, dairy cow breeding, trade of applied science and equipment, raw materials VND80 billion 55% SABMiller JV 30 June 2006 / Vietnam Production and trade of beer and US$13. 5 zillion an other(prenominal) fruit flavoured beverages with ( nigh low torrent ratio VND217 billion) 50% 17 tear down rePOrtINg StrUctUre SharehOLDerS MeetINg circuit card OF MaNageMeNt geNeraL coach representative geNeraL conductor OF raW MaterIaLS instruction DePUtY geNeraL bus OF ware PLaNNINg & IM-eXPOrt DePUtY geNeraL theatre film theatre theatre film manager/ FINaNce handler music director OF conductor OF raW VIetNaM MaterIaLS DaIrY cOW ONe draw MeNt MeMBer LtD. ,CO PrODUc tION PLaNNINg DIrectOr IMeXPOrt DIrectOr DIrectOr OF r&D ceNter chIeF accOUNt ant PLaNNINg DIrectOr INVeSt MeNt DIrectOr It DIrectOr cONStrUctION DIrectOr M&e DIrectOr 18 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 followup cOMMIttee INterNaL aUDIt DIrectOr DePUtY geNeraL DIrectOr/ come across DIrectOr DePUtY geNeraL DIrectOr OF SALES, MARKETING & cUStOMer DeVeLOPMeNt tech. DIrectOr DIrectOr OF INt. reaL eState ONeMeMBer LtD. , cO MKt DIrectOr cUStOM er DeVeLOP MeNt DIrectOr BraNch DIrectOr gross revenue DIrectOr hr DIrectOr aDMIN DIrectOr DIrectOr OF aN K wait on cLINIcDIrectOr OF DePOt DIrectOr OF mill 19 20 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 TASTY 21 BOarD OF MaNageMeNt from top to butt joint Ms Mai Kieu Lien Ms nongovernmental organization Thi Thu Trang Mr Dominic Scriven Mr Hoang Nguyen Hoc Mr Wang Eng qin 22 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 MS MaI KIeU LIeN Chairwoman, public managing director H as been the Chairwoman of our plank of preca ution since 14 November 2003. From deluxe 1976 to distinguished 1980, she was an manoeuver in trip out of the condensed milk work at Truong Tho Dairy Factory. surrounded by phratry 1980 and February 1982, she was a technology engineer in the Technical section of the United Enterprises of take out Coffee Cookies and Candies I.She served as a vice technical director in dissipate of ware at eyelash Nhat Dairy Factory from February 1982 to June 1983. After finishing her preparedness at Economic University of Leningrad in the designer Soviet Union ( currently Russia), in July 1984 Ms Lien was official proxy world-wide director of the United Enterprises of take out Coffee Cookies and Candies I. In December 1992, she was promoted to common director of Vietnam Dairy Products Company. On 14 November 2003, she was pick out chairwoman of the plank of oversight and thence forrad plant as oecumenic theatre director of our Company. Ms Lien graduated from capital of th e Russian Federation University of Meat and draw make foring, Russia with a knight bachelor of science stratum in 1976.She holds a Certificate of Economic Management from University of Economy, Russia, and a Certificate of Government Management from matter Political Institute, Vietnam. MS nongovernmental organization thI thU traNg Member, legate General theatre director, CFO Mr DOMINIc ScrIVeN Member Has been a constituent of our instrument panel of Management since 14 November 2003, and police lieutenant General music director and pay director of our Company since March 2005. Ms Trang conjugate our Company in 1985 as a financial analyst, and in January 1995 she became a Vice Manager in the Accounting-Statistics incision of the Vietnam Dairy Products Company. She held this position until December 1997 and served for a brief time betwixt January 1998 and February 1998 as the Head of the AccountingStatistic department.Between February 1998 and March 2005, Ms Trang held the position of the chief Accountant in billing of the Accounting department of the Vietnam Dairy Products Company. In March 2005, she was appointed deputy general director and finance director. Ms Trang graduated from the finance-Accounting University, Ho qi Minh City, with a bach of Arts gunpoint majoring in business relationship and finance in 1984. She alike holds a Master of Business Administration peak from the Open University, Ho Chi Minh City. Has been a member of our panel of Management since 31 March 2005. From 1985 to 1986, Mr Scriven was an assistant to the board of directors at M&G investment Management where he assisted the board in matters relating to investments in the European and Asia regions.Between 1986 and 1988, he was a consultant at the investment banking arm of Citigroup where he assisted in the screen background up and consulting for three investment funds, namely Thailand Fund, Seoul International Trust and Korea International Trust. Mr Scriven held the position of director in focus of investment at Sun Hung Kai investment funds Fund between 1989 and 1991. He subsequent fall in Peregrine tummy where he oversaw the capital market development. He co-founded firedrake Capital assort throttle in 1994 and currently holds the position of managing director. Mr Scriven graduated from the University of Exeter in 1985 with a Combined Honour horizontal surface in Laws and Sociology.He was awarded the Order Of The British pudding stone (OBe) in the Queen Elizabeth IIs 2006 impudent socio-economic classs honour List. Mr hOaNg NgUYeN hOc Member Mr WaNg eNg chIN Member Has been a member of our dialog box of Management since 4 November 2006. Prior to being appointed to our control panel of Management, Mr Hoc had encompassing hear within the Ministry of Finance of Vietnam. From October 1999 to June 2003, Mr Hoc was a deputy director in the department for state-owned enterprises financial management. He was appointed as lieu tenant General Director of the State Capital investment Corporation in January 2008. Mr Hoc holds a Master of Business Administration mark from Ha Noi study University. Has been a member of our menu of Management since 31 March 2007.Between 1987 and 1988, Mr Wang worked as a incarnate development executive director with heatless Storage (S) Pte Ltd. He was a tutor, recoil Heaven Cold Storage (S) Pte Ltd from 1988 to 1991. Mr Wang joined F&N Foods Pte Ltd as a general gross gross revenue manager in 1991 and held this position until 1997. Between 1997 and 2003, he served as a deputy general manager at F&N Foods Pte Ltd and F&N Dairies (M) Sdn Bhd. In 2003, he became a general manager liable for general management of F&N Foods Pte Ltd and F&N Vietnam Foods and held this position until phratry 2006. On 1 October 2006, he was appointed playacting chief executive officer in institutionalise of general management of the Food & Beverage Division, Fraser & Neave Group.He grad uated from University of Mississippi, USA, in 1984 with a Bachelor of Business Administration and in 1987 with a Master of Business Administration. 23 BOarD OF DIrectOrS from left to right Ms Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa Ms Mai Kieu Lien Mr Tran Minh Van Ms Nguyen Thi Nhu Hang Mr Tran Bao Minh Ms nongovernmental organization Thi Thu Trang MS MaI KIeU LIeN General Director MS NgUYeN thI thaNh hOa proxy General Director Mr traN BaO MINh Deputy General Director (See plank of Management for imformation almost Ms Mai Kieu Lien) MS NgO thI thU traNg Deputy General Director, CFO (See panel of Management for imformation about Ms nongovernmental organization Thi Thu Trang) Has been a Deputy General Director of our Company since 2000.Between September 1978 and June 1983, Ms Hoa was a lecturer at the Foodstuff and Process & Equipment departments at the Ho Chi Minh plan school University. She ulterior joined our Company in July 1983 as a process engineer at Truong Tho Dairy Factory. Ms Hoa held the positions of deputy director and then director in charge of overall operation of Truong Tho Dairy Factory from July 1991 to 1999. From January 2005, Ms Hoa is a deputy general director of Vietnam Dairy Products Company. She is currently in charge of planning, import, export and research and development of our Company. Ms Hoa graduated from Milk Processing engine room University, Moscow, in 1978 with a Bachelor degree in Milk Processing Technology.Mr Minh joined PepsiCo Vietnam in September 1997 as a merchandising manager and was promoted to merchandise director in haughty 2001 where he was in charge of the verbal expression, management and execution of merchandise strategies for PepsiCos six leading leaf blades in Vietnam, namely Pepsi, 7-Up, Mirinda, Aquafina, Twister and Sting. He was subsequent transferred to PepsiCos headquarters in New York in February 2004 where he held the position of spheric Pepsi aim director and led Pepsis global product and publicity transi tion agenda. Between April 2005 and August 2005, Mr Minh was seconded to PepsiCo Thailand as marketing director in charge of formulating Pepsis marketing strategy in Thailand for non-carbonated beverages.From August 2005 to September 2006, 24 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 Mr traN MINh VaN Deputy General Director MS NgUYeN thI NhU haNg Deputy General Director he served as marketing director of PepsiCos Asia Pacific business unit where he managed PepsiCos Mountain Dew, 7-Up and Mirinda stakes of beverages for the Asia Pacific region. Mr Minh joined Vinamilk in Octocber 2006 as Deputy General Director in charge of Sales, Marketing and Customer get downment. Mr Minh graduated from the Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics in 1991 with a Bachelor of Arts majoring in business planning and get under ones skined a Masters in Commerce degree from the University of Western Sydney in 1996.As a testament to his contribution to PepsiCo, he was awarded the Asia Pacific part Marketer of t he Year award in 2002 and Top feat Marketer in the Asia Pacific Region award in 2003 by PepsiCo. Has been a Deputy General Director of our Company since July 2006. Between 1990 and July 1994, Mr Van was a deputy director assisting the director of Thong Nhat Dairy Factory. In August 1994, he was appointed director of the Thong Nhat Dairy Factory and continued to hold this position until June 2006. He was appointed Deputy General Director in charge of the Project department of our Company in July 2006. Mr Van graduated from Ho Chi Minh City Polytechnic University in 1981 with an engineering degree. He obtained Bachelor in Business Administration from Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics in 1994, a LLB degree (with major in commercial message laws) from Ha Noi University of Laws in 2001, and a Master in Business Administration from Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics in 2003. Ms Hang first joined our Company in 1981 where she held the position of deputy manager in the outla y department until 2001. She was later promoted to the position of director in August 2001 where she was in charge of managing the Warehouse Enterprise until December 2002. Ms Hang was promoted to deputy general director in January 2003 where she was and still is in charge of the technical project department. She is also in charge of managing and developing dairy farms that provision raw milk to the Company. In July 2007, Ms Hang was appointed director of Vietnam Dairy Cow throttle Company with One Member, a subsidiary of our Company.Ms Hang graduated from the Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics in 1994 with a bachelor degree in business administration. 25 INSPectION cOMMIttee MS Le thI KIM aNh Member Mr NgUYeN VIet cUONg Head of control Committee MS NgUYeN thI tUYet MaI Member Between August 2001 and December 2004, she worked as a older canvasor at Price pissinghouseCoopers Vietnam Limited. She joined VietFund Management in December 2004 as a portfolio manager for Vietnam Growth Investment Fund (VF2). Ms Kim Anh graduated from the University of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City, with a bachelor degree majoring in accounting and analyseing. Mr Cuong began his give career at KPMG Vietnam in 1998 until 2002 as a elder audited accountor.Between 2003 and 2004, he was a management control at Unilever Bestfoods Vietnam where he was responsible for upcountry management insureing for food business of Unilever Vietnam. In 2004, he joined VinaCapital Group and now being a deputy managing director in charge of managing the portfolio for Vietnam hazard Fund. Mr Cuong was elected head of our Companys supervision Committee in December 2003. He graduated from the University of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City, with a bachelor degree in economics majoring in banking in 1994. Mr Cuong is holding an ACCA certificate issued by the Association of charter Certified Accountant, United Kingdom.From 1993 to 1997, Ms Mai held the position of manager at ANZ fix, Ha Noi get-go w here she was responsible for trade finance and incorporate banking relationship management. Between 1999 and 2003, she was a manager at ANZ money box, Singapore Branch where her experience covered relationship management for the corporate banking division, international banking strategy, structure commodity, trade finance and Asian region source management. From 2004 to whitethorn 2007, she served as sr. manager at the representative office of Openasia Consulting Ltd in Ho Chi Minh City. In June 2007, she was promoted to the position of director of corporate finance in charge of consulting answers at Openasia Consulting Vietnam Ltd.Ms Mai graduated from the Ha Noi University for Foreign Language Studies in 1991 with a bachelor degree majoring in side and obtained a master degree in business administration from the University of Melbourne in 1999. 26 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 27 28 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 HEALTHY 29 cOPOrate brass section Our Directors recognize th e importance of corporate governance and the offering of high standards of function to our Shareholders. a. poster of Management Matters the matures conduct and its affairs The Company should be leaded by an stampive bestride to lead and control the Company. The circuit board is together with responsible for the success of the Company. To facilitate effective management, certain functions meet been delegated by the Board to non-homogeneous Board Committees.The Board Committees belong under clearly defined ground and reference. The Board conducts meeting on a quarterly bottom during the year. Ad-hoc meetings are convened when circumstances required. The meetings can be conducted by meaning of telephone conference or other methods of simultaneous communication by electronic or telegraphic intend. Every member of the Board should be able to obtain independent advice and use independent judging when making lasts. Inspection Committee is also informed and invited to atten d the Boards meetings. A record of the Directors attendings at the Board take aim meetings during the financial year ended 31 December 2007 is disclose as follows Seq. 2 3 4 5 Name of Director Ms Mai Kieu Lien Ms nongovernmental organization Thi Thu Trang Mr Hoang Nguyen Hoc Mr Dominic Scriven Mr Wang Eng Chin No. of meetings 5 5 5 5 5 attendance 5 5 5 5 5 Board composition and parallelism thither should be a strong and independent element on the Board, which is able to exercise objective judegement on corporate affairs independently from Management. No separate or small group of case-by-cases should be allowed to dominate the Boards decision making. The Board has maintained a strong and independent element, with three out of basketball group directors being independent. The Board comprises of the following members executive Directors Ms Mai Kieu Lien Ms nongovernmental organization Thi Thu Trang ChairwomanNon executive Directors Mr Hoang Nguyen Hoc Mr Dominic Scriven Mr Wa ng Eng Chin The profiles of the directors are set out on page 22 of this yearly report. Vinamilk has a good labyrinthine sense of directors who go by means of extensive business, financial, accounting and management experience. The objective judgement of the independent and non-executive directors on corporate affairs and their experience and contributions are valuable to Vinamilk. 30 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 Board social station There should be a formal and transparent process for the appointment of new directors to the Board. Any nomination of new directors should go by dint of a formal natural survival process the Board should appoint the new director and then he should be officially nominated by the yearly General Meeting (AGM).Board Performance There should be a formal opinion of the effective of the Board as a whole and the contribution of each Director to the effectiveness of the Board. access of Information Board members are provided with able and well-time d(a) information prior to Board meetings and on an on-going basis to enable them to carry their duties. The Board of Directors provides with adequate and timely information as well as a analyze of Vinamilks mental process prior to the Board meetings. The Board has separate and independent access to Vinamilk s senior management and secretary, should they beget any queries on the affairs of Vinamilk . A get hold of meeting, which contains agenda, is issued to the Board prior each Board meeting.Vinamilks secretaries attend all the Board meetings and are responsible for ensuring that Board procedures are followed and that applicable rules and regulations are complied with. The Companys secretaries are Mr Nguyen Thanh Tu Ms Le Quang Thanh Truc (Administration Director) (Financial Investment Manager) B. recompense Matters remuneration Policy The lucre Committee reviews and recommends to the Board an countenance and competitive framework of remuneration for the Board. A formal and t ransparent procedure is used when saddle horse the remuneration packages of mortal directors. No director is involved in deciding his own remuneration.The composition of the net income Committee is as follows Mr Dominic Scriven Mr Wang Eng Chin Ms Vu Bich Nghia (Chairman, Non-Executive Director) (Member, Non-Executive Director) (Member, Human Resources Director) The wage Committee recommends to the Board for endorsement a framework of remuneration for key executives, circumstantial remuneration packages for each member of the Board of Management, Chairwoman and General Director. 31 cOPOrate gOVerNaNce Level and Mix of remuneration The level of remuneration should be appropriate to attract, extend and prompt the directors needed to run Vinamilk successfully but Vinamilk should avoid paying more than is necessary for this purpose.A proportion of remuneration should be ground on corporate and individual performance. In setting remuneration packages, the Remuneration Committee t akes into consideration pay and meshing conditions within industry and in comparable to(predicate) companies, the relative performance of Vinamilk as a whole, as well as individual Directors and key executives. An annual performance incentive plan has been implemented for all employees. Directors fees, Inspection Committees fees were approved by shareholders at Vinamilks Annual General Meeting for the financial ended 31 December 2007 as follows Fee/calendar month (VND jillion) Board Chairwoman Board Members Inspection Committee Chairman Inspection Committee Members 13 7 8 6Performance inducement framework for the Board of Management and Board of Directors was approved by shareholders at Vinamilks Annual General Meeting for the financial ended 31 December 2007 as follows If achieving the luffed profit after tax 0. 1% on profit after tax. portentous the targeted profit after tax extra 20% of the exceeding targeted profit after tax. Disclosure of remuneration The remunerati on of directors is set out below FY 2007 Board of Management Ms Mai Kieu Lien Ms nongovernmental organization Thi Thu Trang Mr Hoang Nguyen Hoc Mr Dominic Scriven Mr Wang Eng Chin Board of Directors Mai Kieu Lien Ngo Thi Thu Trang Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa Nguyen Thi Nhu Hang Tran Minh Van Tran Bao Minh Notes A to a lower place VND3 billion B From and above VND3 billion.B A A A A B A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A FY2006 32 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 The centers paid to the members of the Board of Management and the Board of Directors include the bonus heady in the manner described under Labour Contracts Performance Bonus for members of the Board of Management and the Board of Directors c. account competency and audit Financial reporting The Board is accountable to the shareholders while the Management is accountable to the Board. The Board should present a endd and graspable assessment of Vinamilks position and prospects in the annual accounts and other reports such as inter im reports to regulators.The Board meeting is held on a quarterly basis to review Vinamilks performance and quarterly summerised financial report is submitted to Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange (HOSE). Annual General Meetings are held every year to obtain shareholders approval of routine business. privileged controls The Board should check that the Management maintains a sound system of immanent controls to bulwark Vinamilks assets and shareholders investments. With the assistance of the inherent Auditors, the Board and the Inspection Committee reviews the effectiveness of the key ingrained controls and ensures that the necessary corrective actions are taken on a timely basis.There are formal procedures in place for both(prenominal) internal and external auditors to report independently conclusions and recommendations to Management and Inspection Committee. indwelling audit Vinamilk should establish an internal audit function that is independent of the activities it audits. Vinamilk appointed privileged Audit Director and established its internal audit function in September 2005. The key scope of internal audit is Review the effectiveness of Vinamilks internal controls Provide assurance that key business and operational jeopardys are identified and managed cozy controls are in place and performance as intended and Operations are conducted in an effective and efficient manner.The Internal Audit Director reports directly to General Director. communication with Shareholders Vinamilk regularly communicates with its shareholders, striving for seasonableness and transparency in its disclosure to shareholders and the public. veritable(a) meetings and dialogues are held with investors, analysts, fund managers, and press. When material information is disseminated to HOSE, such information is simultaneously post on the Companys website at www. vinamilk. com. vn Vinamilk encourages shareholder participation at its annual general meetings and gives sharehol ders the opportunity to communicate their views on matters effecting Vinamilk. 33 ISK MaNageMeNt Foreign property danger Foreign currency seek arises when at that place is a mismatch of financial backing foreign currency dominated assets with liabilities of the same currency. The exposure to foreign currency risk in this aspect was not significant in 2007, but may pack a significant impact on Vinamilk s performance in the feeler years. Vinamilk always consider utilize appropriate financial instruments, as and when necessary, to mitigate this risk. silverness risk Vinamilk s exposure to runniness state risk arises in general bread and butter of Vinamilk s business activities. It includes the risks of being able to fund business activities in a timely manner.Vinamilk adopts a prudent go up to managing its fluidnessity risk by maintaining decent cash and marketable securities, and has purchasable funding by means of a diverse source of committed and uncommitted cred it facilities from various banks. As at 31 December 2007, Vinamilk s net borrowings are as follows 2007 Cash and cash equivalent Borrowings Net borrowings 114 42 2006 157 60 credit risk Vinamilk s maximum exposure to credit risk in the event that the customers hold up to perform their obligations as at 31 December 2007 in relation to accounts due is its carrying amount as indicated in the balance sheet. Vinamilk has policies in place to ensure that sales of products are made to customers with an appropriate credit history. eliance on Key Management military force Although we are not dependent on any one person in our Board of Management or our Board of Directors, our success depends to a significant extent on the skills, capabilities and efforts of our Board of Management and our Board of Directors, as well as our ability to recruit and retain appropriately deft force-out to take up positions on these Boards. Our ability to continue to attract, retain and motivate key strengt h and senior members of our Board of Management and Board of Directors will lay down an impact upon our operations. The competition for skilled and highly-capable personnel is intense, and the loss of the services of one or more of these individuals, without adequate replacements or the unfitness to attract new qualified personnel at a reasonable cost, would hurl a material adverse effect upon our financial performance and operations.To mitigate this risk, Vinamilk has been employing remuneration policy to maintain and attract the talents. export Market risk We currently export our products to Iraq, Thailand and other countries in Asia and Europe. Demand for our products depends on the political and economic stability of these countries. As Iraq is one of our major export countries, any social, political or economic convulsion in the country may materially adversely affect our operation results. Vinamilk has been focusing on its local market which is considered as its main market . Simultaneously, Vinamilk is also looking for other voltage drop export markets to mitigate the risk. 34 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 35 duty OVerVIeWSince we commenced operations in 1976, we mother built strong dirt name recognition for our dairy products in Vietnam. Our Vinamilk trademark is currently a wide recognised dairy strike off in Vietnam. 36 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 Vietnam Dairy Industry Overview Fuelled by the impressive economic growth in the past decade, the dairy industry in Vietnam has experience rapid growth in recent years. Coinciding with improvements in backing standards in Vietnam, the more widespread approachability and affordability of doing technologies, and vast improvements in floor suck in led to an overall increase in the intermixture, quality and volume of dairy products produced in Vietnam.The market has also experienced an influx of foreign multinational companies. sum up dairy product sales in Vietnam have grown by 53. 6% fr om more or less US$418 million in 2003 to area around US$642 million in 2007. The following chart sets forth issue forth dairy product sales in Vietnam between 2003 and 2007. 2003 2007 come dairy product sales in Vietnam (US$ million) 642 530 418 472 589 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 lineage Euromonitor International This strong growth in demand for dairy products is expected to continue on the back of strong gross domestic product growth, a growing urban creation with heightened disposable income and an increased awareness about the health benefits of dairy products.Euromonitor International estimates that total annual inhalation of dairy products in Vietnam to grow from near US$1,332 million in 2007 to reach approximately US$1,902 million by 2011. These factors should pass on to a significant increase in Vietnams very low per capita consumption of dairy products compared to Western countries. The below chart compares Vietnams per capita consumption of dairy products to Asia , Europe and conjugation America between 2003 and 2007. 436 461 382 331 407 192 201 214 225 229 11 25 2003 12 27 2004 13 29 2005 14 32 2006 Europe 16 35 2007 Vietnam Asia North America informant Euromonitor International 37 VINaMILK We are the leading producer of dairy products in Vietnam establish on sales volume and revenue.Our products persist from loading dairy products such as liquid and powdered milk, to value-added dairy products such as condensed milk, crapulence and spoon yoghourt, ice cream, and cheese. We offer one of the largest dairy portfolios in Vietnam, across a wide selection of products, flavours, and packaging sizes. According to Euromonitor, Vinamilk has been the number 1 dairy player in Vietnam for the three years ending 31 December 2007. 38 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 Since commencing operation in 1976 we have built the largest distribution mesh in Vietnam and have leveraged our net to introduce new products to the market, such as juices, soya milk , bottled drinking water and coffee.We market the majority of our products under our Vinamilk station, which has been designated as both a Famous taint and one of the Top 100 besottedest soft touchs by the Vietnamese Ministry of Industry and Trade in 2006. We have also been voted the top brand in the Top Ten High-quality Vietnamese Goods for each year between 1995 to 2007. We currently focus on business activities in the fast growing Vietnamese dairy market, which according to Euromonitor has grown at a CAGR of 7. 85% from 1997 to 2007, and produce the majority of our products at our nine operational production facilities with a combined might of 570,406 tonnes per annum. We have the leading distribution network in Vietnam, giving us coarse access to consumers.We generate a veridical majority of our revenues from sales of our products in Vietnam comprising both dairy and non-dairy products and export to countries such as Australia, Cambodia, Iraq, the Philippines and the Unit ed States. Strong supplier relationships to ensure a dependable milk proviso Highly experienced management with a proven track record of delivering strong overall business performance World class production facilities. Leading market position supported by wellestablished brand name Since we commenced operations in 1976, we have built strong brand name recognition for our dairy products in Vietnam. Our Vinamilk brand has been in use since our establishment and is currently a widely recognised dairy brand in Vietnam.We believe we have achieved our dominant market position by means of our focus on advertising, marketing and persisting improvement in product innovation and quality assurance. Based on our long-standing presence in Vietnam, we believe we are better able to identify and understand consumer trends and preferences, that allows us to focus our development efforts on identifying product attributes that are most valued by our customers. For example, our deep mind and e fforts have helped our Vinamilk Milk electric shaver float of products become one of the best selling milk product marketed at children aged between six and 12 years in Vietnam in 2007. Strong and diversified product portfolio We offer a wide look-alike of dairy products targeting a wide spectrum of consumers.We have product lines that are targeted at individual consumers including schoolboyish children, young adults and also the elderly as well as products targeted at general households and commercial outfits such as cafes. In addition, by offering consumers a diverse post of products in contrary package sizes, we are able to offer our customers a sum of portability and convenience unique to dairy products being sold in Vietnam. OUr cOMPetItIVe StreNgthS We believe that our success to date and potential for proximo growth can be attributed to a junto of our strengths, including the following Leading market position supported by wellestablished brand name Strong, divers ified product portfolio capacious sales and distribution network Strong market-oriented development capabilities research and 39 xtensive sales and distribution network We believe our extensive sales and distribution network is critical to the success of our operations, enabling us to reach a wide range of customers and ensure an efficient and effective rollout of new products and marketing opposes nationwide. As of 31 December 2007, we sell our products across all 64 provinces including basketball team telephone exchangely-controlled municipalities in Vietnam. Our experienced sales team, assists our distributors to service the end retailers and consumers, and promote our products. Our sales team is also responsible for servicing and funding the distribution activities and development of new relationships with distributors and retailers. In addition, we organise various marketing and promotional activities with local distributors aimed at promoting our products and building our brand image across the nation.In addition to our domestic distribution networks, we are currently in the process of negotiating the terms of supply contracts with potential business partners in countries such as Thailand, Australia and the United States. We are also one of the few food and beverage companies that have a readily open network of preserve coolers. The availability of coolers poses a high barrier of entry for competitors who may wish to enter the food and beverage market as the establishment of a refrigerated cooler network requires a substantial amount of capital expenditure. Strong supplier relationships to ensure poise milk supply A unvarying supply of high quality raw milk is life-and-death to our business.Accordingly, we have established strong relationships with our suppliers through our favourable pricing policies, provision of financial support to farmers to barter for dairy cows and price incentives for milk of higher(prenominal)(prenominal) quality. We have entered into annual contracts with our milk suppliers and currently purchase over approximately 40% of all domestically produced raw milk. Our production facilities are strategically located close to dairy farmers in Vietnam to enable us to maintain and strengthen our relationships with them and we carefully select the perspective of our milk collection centres to maintain its luminescence and quality. We also source raw milk powder from Australia and New Zealand to meet our production demands in terms of quantity and quality.We believe that our ability to obtain a steady supply of raw milk is polar to our business and allows us to maintain and increase our production output. Strong market-oriented research and development capabilities We have a sales and marketing team that is experienced in analysing and identifying consumer preferences and trends, and support ground staff who have a thorough understanding of consumer preferences through never-ending speck with our cust omers at our various points of sale. For example, our understanding of the preferences of young consumers aged between six and 12 has helped us successfully launch our Vinamilk Milk Kid marketing campaign in May 2007.As a result of our successful marketing campaign, Vinamilk Milk Kid was the best selling milk marketed at children aged between six and 12 in 2007. We also have strong capabilities in product research and development with a view to improve product quality and increase product strain for consumers. We have a research and development team comprising 10 engineers and one technical staff. Our researchers work closely with our marketing department who in turn collaborate with several(prenominal) market research agencies to identify the trends in consumer preferences. We believe our ability to develop new products based on consumers evolving preferences has been a key factor in our success and will continue to play a key role in our future growth and development.In an effort to ensure that our products are in line with the latest consumption trends, we actively conduct research and work with market research companies to study trends in 40 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 sales performance, customer feedback, food and beverage-related media. highly experienced management with a proven track record of delivering strong overall business performance We are managed by an experienced and dedicated management team with extensive industry experience. Our Chairwoman, Mdm Mai Kieu Lien, has over 30 years of experience in the dairy industry with the Company and has contend a critical role in the growth and development of the Company to where it stands today.Our marketing team is led by Mr Tran Bao Minh, who has over 10 years of branding and marketing experience in the beverage industry and has been instrumental in reviving our brand image and product innovation. early(a) members of our senior management team have an fairish of 25 years experience in the manufac turing, distribution and sale of dairy products. We also have a strong middle management team that is well-equipped to support our senior management and stay abreast of changes in the market place. World class production facilities We use modern production and packaging technologies in all of our manufacturing facilities. We employ technologies trade from European countries such as Germany, Italy and Switzerland in ur production lines. To the best of our knowledge, we are the only company in Vietnam who has the machinery utilising the spray juiceless technology produced by Niro Inc, Denmark, a world leader in industrial drying technologies. We also employ world class production lines provided by Tetra Pak for our dairy and value-added dairy products. OUr BUSINeSS StrategIeS We aim to maximise shareholder value and pursue a business growth strategy based on the following principal components Expansion of market share in existing and new markets Develop a comprehensive portfolio of dairy products to target a broader consumer base and expand into higher margin alue-added dairy products Development of new product lines to satisfy different consumer preferences Brand cultivation Continuously enhancing supply stove management Development of raw material sources to ensure a reliable and consistent unspoiled milk supply base. 41 BraND POrtFOLIO We currently have 4 mega brands as follows Beautiful Life milliamperes Love 42 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 indignation to Win Natural Freshness 43 PrODUct 44 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 Overview We produce a broad range of dairy products with different types and flavours of powdered milk, infant cereals, UHT liquid milk, UHT drinking yogurts, spoon yoghurt, sweet condensed milk and cheese.We have established different teams to be responsible for the research and development, raw materials procurement, supervision of outsourced manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution of products under our core bran ds and other brands. Our core dairy products such as liquid milk and powdered milk represent two of our largest product portions, and accounted for approximately 25. 4% and 23. 0%, respectively, of our revenue in 2007. Within the liquid milk segment, Vinamilk Milk Kid range constituted the largest oneness item and accounted for approximately 7. 0% of the liquid milk revenue of Vinamilk and approximately 2. 1% of our overall revenue in 2007.Other dairy products such as our condensed milk and yoghurt products have been experiencing steady growth over the past two years and accounted for approximately 34. 0% and 10. 0% of our revenue in 2007. Our condensed milk product is showing shiny growth where our revenue for our condensed milk products in FY2007 has experienced an approximate 38. 0% increase from FY2006. Dairy Products Liquid Milk We produce, black out and sell liquid milk in Vietnam under the Vinamilk Brand. Our revenue from sales of liquid milk grew from approximately VND1, 469 billion in 2006 to approximately VND1,736 billion in 2007, representing a entangled annual growth rate of approximately 18%.As of 31 December 2007, we account for approximately 35% of the liquid milk market in Vietnam based on a combination of info from internal introduce systems and statistics and externally licensed reports by AC Nielsen, tracking consumption patterns in 36 of the 64 provinces (including louvre centrally controlled municipalities). Our liquid milk segment includes the following three product categories excess milk Flavoured milk Special needs milk such as calcium and DHA fortified milk and skim milk 45 Our Vinamilk brand is one of our core brands for liquid milk, drinking yoghurt, spoon yoghurt, ice cream, probiotic and cheese. We have focused on building up our product image to be one that is easily associated with a healthy, beautiful and balanced lifestyle. Vinamilk UHT milk has consistently dominated the Vietnamese liquid milk market. It is target ed at consumers aged six years and above.Our Fino jam range of UHT milk offers flavours such as sweetened, sugarfree, strawberry and chocolate and comes in packages of 250ml. Our Vinamilk UHT sporty milk range was officially launched in April 2007 and is targeted at the premium market in Vietnam. Our Vinamilk UHT fresh milk products are manufacture using 100% raw fresh milk. We believe our competitive edge in this market segment lies in our ability to ensure consistent supply from local dairy farmers and our wide network of milk collection centres. Our Vinamilk UHT fresh milk products are available in 180ml and one cubic decimetre cartons. Officially launched in September 2007, Vinamilk Milk Kid range is targeted at consumers aged between six and 12 years old.Our Vinamilk Milk Kid products are available in a range of flavours such as Strawberry, Chocolate, Sweetened and DHAfortified and are available in 180ml packs. 46 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 Powdered Milk We first introd uced our range of powdered milk products in 1988. As at 31 December 2007, our revenue from powdered milk products account for approximately 13. 8% of the market value in Vietnam based on a combination of data from internal tracking systems and statistics and externally commissioned reports by AC Nielsen tracking consumption patterns in six key cities such as Ha Noi, Ho Chi Minh City, Can Tho, Da Nang, Hai Phong and Nha Trang.However, our revenue from sales of powdered milk decreased from approximately VND2,191 billion in 2006 to approximately VND1,584 billion in 2007, principally due to the decrease in export sales. Our Dielac powdered milk range is targeted at consumers with children aged six years and below. Our powdered milk products can be categorised into two main segments 2 formulas priced within two different price ranges. Dielac adept is priced at the lower range of the two and is marketed as an affordable and quality product. It is manufactured with Pro5S formulation con taining DHA, Choline, Inuline, Canxi and MCT Oil. Dielac Alpha is produced with a unique formulation containing colostrums, DHA, Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids.It is priced at a premium over Dielac wizardry given its higher Colostrum content. Our Dielac line of powdered milk products has experienced an annual growth rate of approximately 16% over the past four years. Our tralatitious Ridielac infant and follow-on formula is manufactured using MAX-4D (with 4D representing Development, Digestion, Deliciousness and Dependability) technology, combining nutrient-rich milk, natural foods such as meat, shrimp, vegetables, vitamins and minerals. Our formula is designed to hone nutrient absorption in children during their growing years and enhance appetites. Ridielac infant cereal is targeted at consumers with children aged between four and 24 months.Ridielac is produced with a unique formulation containing colostrums and is marketed as a value-for-money product. 47 Condensed Milk Conden sed milk is one of our most successful products and largest revenue contributors, representing approximately 34. 0% of our total revenue in 2007. Our revenue from sales of our condensed milk products grew from approximately VND1,690 billion in 2006 to approximately VND2,332 billion in 2007, representing a compound annual growth rate of approximately 38%. As at 31 December 2007, we hold a market share of approximately 79% in the condensed milk market in Vietnam based on a combination of data and statistics from internal tracking systems tracking the sales volume of our competitors products.Southern Star (Ngoi Sao Phuong Nam) is part of our commercial line under our condensed milk segment, and is primarily marketed to commercial outfits and cafes and is commonly consumed with coffee or mixed fruits. It is priced economically to offer enhanced profit margins to proprietors. Ong Tho is part of our household line of quality products and is primarily targeted at Vietnamese households. It can be consumed either hot or rimy and is commonly used as a cooking or baking ingredient. Our Ong Tho brand of condensed milk is priced at a premium over our Southern Star brand of condensed milk due to its higher calcium and protein content. 48 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 yoghurt Products We produce, air and sell our drinking yoghurt and spoon yoghurt in Vietnam under the Vinamilk brand.Our yoghurt products represent one of our key focus growth areas, and our revenue from sales of yoghurt products grew from approximately VND634 billion in 2006 to approximately VND698 billion in 2007, representing a compound annual growth rate of approximately 10%. As at 31 December 2007, we hold a market share of approximately 26% in the drinking yoghurt market and approximately 97% in the spoon yoghurt market in Vietnam based on a combination of data from internal tracking systems and statistics and externally commissioned reports by AC Nielsen, tracking consumption patterns in 36 out of t he 64 cities (including quintette centrally controlled municipalities) in Vietnam. Vinamilk Drinking yogurt is available in three flavours Fruit, chromatic and Strawberry in 180ml packs. Vinamilk Spoon yogurt is targeted at the average Vietnamese household.Marketed as a fresh tasting, delicious and high quality health product, our Vinamilk Spoon Yoghurt product line has dominated the spoon yoghurt market in Vietnam with a market share of approximately 97%. It is available in a variety of flavours such as Strawberry, Fruit, SugarFree with Kefir and Sweetened in 110g carton packs. In addition to the abovementioned dairy products, we also manufacture other dairy products such as ice-cream and cheese. 49 Ice-cream We introduced our brand of ice-cream products in 1976 and produce, distribute and sell our ice-cream in Vietnam under the Vinamilk Brand. Vinamilk Ice-cream is targeted at the midend ice-cream market in Vietnam.It comes in a variety of flavours such as Chocolate, Coconut, Du rian, Green Bean, Strawberry, Vanilla and Taro. Our ice-cream products are available in 450ml or one-litre tubs and also available in pre-packed ice-cream cups, popsicles and cones. tall mallow Vinamilk Cheese was launched in 2000 under our anticipation of the potential of the cheese market in Vietnam. The product is currently targeted at the average Vietnamese household and is manufactured using french technology and is available in 140g packs. Non-Dairy Products Other Food and Beverages In addition to our dairy products, we also manufacture and distribute other F&B products such as our V-Fresh line of juices and soya bean milk, cafe Moment coffee and ICY bottled water.The revenue for this product segment accounted for approximately 2% of the total revenue of the Company. 50 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 V-Fresh The product range was introduced in 1990. V-Fresh Juice is designed to target young adults, offering them healthy refreshments that promote a image that is gumptious a nd full of vitality. V-Fresh Juice is manufactured using natural fruit juices. It is available in one litre packs and in a variety of flavours such as Apple, Carrot, Custard-apple, Grape, Grapefruit, Guava, Orange, salmon pink and Pineapple. Packaged in Tetra Pak packaging, V-Fresh Juice is predominantly distributed in off-premise channels. V-Fresh soybean Milk is one of the most popular drinks among our newly launched products.V-Fresh Soya Milk is targeted at the mid-end market and is marketed as a value-for-money product. Extracted from selected natural soybeans, our V-Fresh Soya Milk line of products offers consumers a healthy and nondairy selection to consumers. It is available in flavours such as plain and sweetened in 180ml and one-litre packs. Coffee We produce, distribute and sell our coffee products in Vietnam under the Cafe Moment brand name. We launched our coffee line of products in 2005. make from the finest coffee beans, our coffee products offer consumers with a u nique tasting experience. Our coffee products offer consumers great value for money.Cafe Moment is distributed through our nationwide distribution network and through our direct sale channels located primarily in urban areas. 51 52 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 SAFETY 53 INVeStOr dealings Vinamilk maintains an effective communication channel with investors through its annual general meeting held on a yearly basis and through Vinamilk s investor relations function. Financial performance and other important information relating to Vinamilk s operations are adequately disclosed on its website at www. vinamilk. com. vn and other means of public communications such as HOSE s website, securities companies website, newspapers and securities bulletins,. 54 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7During the year, Vinamilk has welcomed more than 100 individual and institutional investors, banks, fund managers to chaffer us, some of our visitors are HSBC, Hong Kong CIMB GK Securities Pte. Ltd Merri ll Lynch (Asia Pacific) Ltd JP Morgan Securities (Thailand) Ltd Morgan Stanley Asia Singapore Saigon Securities Inc. (SSI) BaoViet Securities Company (BVSC) Dragon Capital capital of Japan Marine asset Management heaven-sent Holdings, Inc. York Capital Management, NY Bridger Capital LLC, NY Polunin Capital Partners Ltd, capital of the United Kingdom Metropol, Nga MFC Global Investment Management ABN-AMRO Asia Securities (Singapore) Pte Ltd persistent s Singapore Pte. Ltd Mitani Sangyo Co. Ltd Central Bank of Japan Naissance Capital Ltd Deutsche Asset Management, a member of the Deutsche Bank Group Deutsche Bank Securities Asia Ltd Credit Suise (Singapore) Ltd Nomura Malaysia Sdn Bhd Nomura Securities Singapore Pte. Ltd Citigroup Global Markets Limited Kim Eng Securities Pte. Ltd Daiwa Securities SMBC Hong Kong Ltd BankInvest Group YUKI Management & Research Co. , Ltd UOB Asset Management , a member of the United Overseas Bank Group Our contact details in relation to Investor Rel ations are as follows Mr. Tr? n Chi Son tel email Website Investment Director (84-8) 9300 358 (ext. 252) emailprotected com. vn www. vinamilk.. com. vn 55 cOMMUNItY actIVItIeSIn line with our operation philosophy, Vinamilk always harmonizes between benefits and value for its shareholders and contribute to community activities for local pile where we are operating our business. Vinamilk has been contributing by tens of VND billions per annum for these activities, which may be increasing on a yearly basis. 56 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 Some of our veritable(prenominal) community activities for the year 2006 and 2007 are as follows In VND billion Donations for poor people and poor/street children 10. 7 Sponsors for perception fund namely Cultivation for Vietnamese Young Talents, V? A Dinh and other activities for children 9. 6 Donations for flooded provinces in the central of Vietnam 2 Our annual traditional sponsorship for two scholarship funds is Cultivation for Vietnames e Young Talents and V?A Dinh. The first was started since 2003 with the average annual sponsored amount between 1. 5 3 billion peal and the later was started since 2004 with the average annual sponsored amount between 0. 14 0. 20 billion dong. In addition, Vinamilk has been the sponsor to take care all the life for 20 Vietnamese hero mothers in Ben Tre and Quang Nam provinces since 1997 and now there are 13 mothers to be sponsored by Vinamilk to take care all their li